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good lack!

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1 good lack

т. игр

удача, удачный исход

English-Russian scientific dictionary > good lack
2 lack

1) недостаток, нехватка || испытывать недостаток

2) отсутствие; потеря; утрата

•

- good lack

- lack of bias

- lack of coincidence

- lack of coordination

- lack of correlation

- lack of fit

- lack of growth

- lack of homogeneity

- lack of increase

- lack of information

- lack of interaction

- lack of memory

- lack of perfection

- lack of planning

- lack of success

- lack of supervision

- lack of uniformity

- lack of uniqueness

- stable lack

- strong lack

- trivial lack

English-Russian scientific dictionary > lack
3 lack

1. n

недостача, нестача, брак, відсутність (чогось — of)

lack of balance — а) неврівноваженість; б) спорт. відсутність (відчуття) рівноваги

lack of capacity — відсутність (потрібних) здібностей

lack of judgement — невміння розібратися (оцінити, зрозуміти)

lack of land — безземелля

lack of money (of intelligence) — брак грошей (розуму)

for (by, from, through) lack of smth. — через нестачу чогось, за браком чогось

good lack! — на жаль!

no lack of smth. — достатня кількість чогось, удосталь чогось

no lack of food — достатньо їжі

to feel the lack of smth. — відчувати (мати) недостачу чогось, потребувати щось

the plants died for lack of water — рослини загинули через нестачу вологи (води)

2. v

1) відчувати нестачу (чогось); потребувати (щось); не мати (чогось)

he lacks knowledge — йому бракує знань

2) не вистачати, бракувати, бути недостатнім

two copies are lacking — не вистачає двох примірників

* * *
I [lʒk] n
нестача, брак; ( повна) відсутність
II [lʒk] v
1) зазнавати нестачі, браку ( чого-небудь), потребувати ( чого-небудь), не мати ( чого-небудь)

2) pres. p. бракувати, не вистачати, бути недостатнім

English-Ukrainian dictionary > lack
4 good health is above wealth

var: health is wealth

good health is priceless

health is better than wealth

wealth is nothing without health

the first wealth is health

without health no one is rich

if you lack health you lack everything
здоров'я більше варте, ніж багатство ≅ буде здоров'я – будуть і гроші найбільше багатство – здоров'я без здоров'я – нема щастя гіркий тому вік, кому треба лік аби зуби, а хліб буде було б здоров'я – все інше наживем

English-Ukrainian dictionary of proverbs > good health is above wealth
5 lack of good roads

Общая лексика: бездорожье

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > lack of good roads
6 lack of good faith

mauvaise foi

English-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > lack of good faith
7 LACK OF GOOD TASTE

[N]

DEFORMITAS (-ATIS) (F)

English-Latin dictionary > LACK OF GOOD TASTE
8 if you lack health you lack everything

той, хто не має здоров'я – нічого не має good health is above wealth

English-Ukrainian dictionary of proverbs > if you lack health you lack everything
9 an unfortunate lack of good manners

Общая лексика: достойная сожаления невоспитанность

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > an unfortunate lack of good manners
10 want

wont
1. verb
1) (to be interested in having or doing, or to wish to have or do (something); to desire: Do you want a cigarette?; She wants to know where he is; She wants to go home.) querer; desear

2) (to need: This wall wants a coat of paint.) necesitar, precisar, requerir

3) (to lack: This house wants none of the usual modern features but I do not like it; The people will want (= be poor) no longer.) carecer (de); pasar miseria/necesidad

2. noun
1) (something desired: The child has a long list of wants.) deseo

2) (poverty: They have lived in want for many years.) pobreza, miseria

3) (a lack: There's no want of opportunities these days.) falta, ausencia; escasez

•

- wanted
- want ad
- want for

want¹ n falta / necesidad

want² vb

1. querer

what do you want to do? ¿qué quieres hacer?

I want you to help me quiero que me ayudes

2. necesitar

the door wants a coat of paint la puerta necesita una mano de pintura

3. deber

you don't want to do it like that! ¡no deberías hacerlo así!

wanted se busca / se necesita

want

tr[wɒnt]

noun

1 (lack) falta, carencia

■ for want of anywhere better to go a falta de algún sitio mejor adonde ir

■ not for want of trying no por falta de esfuerzos

■ they died from want of food and water murieron por falta de comida y agua

2 (desire, need) necesidad nombre femenino

■ all their wants were satisfied se satisficieron todas sus necesidades

3 (poverty) miseria, indigencia

transitive verb

1 (gen) querer

■ they want to go home quieren irse a casa

■ I want you to come with me quiero que me acompañes

■ what do you want to drink? ¿qué quieres beber?

■ he wants to be a fireman quiere ser bombero

■ you don't have to come if you don't want to no tienes que venir si no quieres

■ how much do you want for the bike? ¿cuánto pides por la bici?

■ what more do you want? ¿qué más quieres?

2 familiar (need) necesitar

■ the door wants a coat of paint la puerta necesita una mano de pintura

■ you want your head examined tú estás mal de la cabeza

■ I've got a few jobs that want doing tengo unos trabajillos que hacer

■ it still wants cooking a bit more todavía hace falta guisarlo un poco más

■ that boy wants a good telling-off una bronca no le vendría mal a ese chico

3 familiar (ought to) deber

■ you want to see the doctor deberías ir a ver al médico

4 formal use (lack) necesitar, carecer de, faltar

5 (require to be present) buscar, requerir la presencia de; (seek, hunt) buscar

■ the boss wants you el jefe quiere verte

■ you're wanted upstairs requieren tu presencia arriba

■ he's wanted by the police lo busca la policía

■ you're wanted on the phone te llaman por teléfono

6 (desire) desear, querer

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

in want of something necesitar

to be in want estar necesitado,-a

not to want to know (about something) no querer saber nada de algo

to want some doing exigir mucho esfuerzo

want ad SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL anuncio pequeño

want ['wɑnt, 'wɔnt] vt

1) lack: faltar

2) require: requerir, necesitar

3) desire: querer, desear

want n

1) lack: falta f

2) destitution: indigencia f, miseria f

3) desire, need: deseo m, necesidad f

want

v.

• carecer v.

• carecer de v.

• desear v.

• estar necesitado v.

• faltar v.

• necesitar v.

• querer v.

(§pret: quis-) fut/c: querr-•)

n.

• apuro s.m.

• carencia s.f.

• carestía s.f.

• deseo s.m.

• escasez s.f.

• falta s.f.

• laceria s.f.

• menester s.m.

• necesidad s.f.

• pobreza s.f.

I
1. wɔːnt, wɒnt
transitive verb

1)

a) (require, desire) querer*

(it's) just what I('ve) always wanted! — (set phrase) (es) justo lo que quería!

the boss wants you — el jefe te quiere ver or quiere hablar contigo

he's wanted on the phone — hay una llamada para él, lo llaman por teléfono

I know when I'm not wanted! — sé muy bien cuando estoy de más

she wants it ready today — quiere que esté listo hoy

does he want the book back? — ¿quiere que le devuelvan (or le devolvamos etc) el libro?

everything you could want from a car — todo lo que se le puede pedir a un coche

to want to + INF — querer* + inf

she can be charming when she wants to (be) — es un encanto cuando quiere or cuando se lo propone

to want somebody/something to + INF — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

what do you want me to do? — ¿qué quieres que haga?

to want somebody/something -ING — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

he doesn't want them snooping around — no quiere que anden husmeando por allí

b) \<\<police\>\> buscar*

wanted — se busca

he is wanted for murder/for questioning — lo buscan por asesinato/para interrogarlo

c) ( as price for something) pedir*

how much does she want for the picture? — ¿cuánto pide por el cuadro?

d) \<\<person\>\> ( sexually) desear

2) ( need) necesitar

that child wants a good thrashing — a ese niño le hace falta una buena paliza

gardener wanted — se necesita or se precisa jardinero

we all like to feel wanted — a todos nos gusta sentir que nos necesitan

the last thing I want is a cold — maldita la falta que me hace resfriarme ahora

you want to see a doctor — tienes que ver a un médico

the house wants cleaning — hay que limpiar la casa

2.

vi ( lack) (frml) (usu with neg)

you/they will want for nothing — no te/les faltará nada

II

noun

1) c u (requirement, need) necesidad f

to be in want of something — tener* necesidad de algo

2) u (lack, absence) falta f, carencia f (frml)

for want of something — a falta de algo

if she doesn't become champion, it won't be for want of trying — si no llega a ser campeona, no será porque no lo haya intentado

3) u (destitution, penury) miseria f, indigencia f

[wɒnt]
1. VT

1) (=desire, wish for)

a) querer

I don't want anything more to do with him — no quiero tener nada más que ver con él

I want my mummy! — ¡quiero que venga mi mamá!

he wants a lot of attention — quiere que le presten mucha atención

I don't want you interfering! — ¡no quiero que te entrometas!

• I've always wanted a car like this — siempre he querido un coche como este

• we only want the best/what's best for you — solo queremos lo mejor para ti

• what do you want for your birthday? — ¿qué quieres por tu cumpleaños?

• what I want from a computer is... — lo que quiero de un ordenador es...

I want an explanation from you — quiero que me des una explicación

• she was everything he wanted in a woman — era todo lo que él quería en una mujer

• food was the last thing I wanted — comida era lo último que quería

• I know when I'm not wanted — sé muy bien cuando sobro or estoy de más

• where do you want the table? — ¿dónde quieres que pongamos la mesa?

• what does he want with/of me? — ¿qué quiere de mí?

- you've got him where you want him

b) (with complement)

• I want my son alive — quiero a mi hijo vivo

• you want her back, don't you? — quieres que vuelva, ¿no?

• I want him dead! — ¡lo quiero muerto!

• I want her sacked! — ¡quiero que se la despida!, ¡quiero que la despidan!

c) (with infinitive)

to want to do sth — querer hacer algo

I was wanting to leave anyway — de todas formas yo ya quería marcharme

if you really want to know — si de verdad lo quieres saber

I don't want to — no quiero

to want sb to do sth — querer que algn haga algo

• the last thing we want is for them to feel obliged to help — lo último que queremos es que se sientan obligados a ayudar

• without wanting to sound big-headed, I think I'll succeed — no quiero parecer engreído pero pienso que voy a tener éxito

• I wouldn't want to hurt their feelings/cause them any problems — no quisiera herir sus sentimientos/causarles ningún problema

d) (sexually)

to want sb — desear a algn

2) (=ask for) [+ money] querer, pedir

• she wants £500 for the car — quiere or pide 500 libras por el coche

how much do you want for it? — ¿cuánto quiere or pide?

• you don't want much! — iro ¡anda que no pides nada! iro

3) (=seek) [police] buscar

wanted (dead or alive) — se busca (vivo o muerto)

wanted: general maid — se necesita asistenta

• he is wanted for robbery — se le busca por robo

• you're wanted in the kitchen — te buscan en la cocina

the boss wants you in his office — el jefe quiere verte en su oficina

• you're wanted on the phone — te llaman al teléfono

4) (=need, require) [person] necesitar

children want lots of sleep — los niños necesitan or requieren muchas horas de sueño

this car wants cleaning — a este coche le hace falta una limpieza, a este coche hay que limpiarlo

he wants locking up! — está loco de atar *

• that's the last thing I want! * — ¡solo me faltaba eso! *

• you want to be more careful when you're driving — tienes que tener más cuidado al conducir

you want to see his new boat! — ¡tienes que ver su nuevo barco!

• what you want is a good hiding — lo que necesitas or te hace falta es una buena paliza *

what do you want with a house that size? — ¿para qué quieres una casa tan grande?

5) (=lack)

• the contract wants only her signature — al contrato solo le falta su firma

it only wanted the parents to come in — solo faltaba que llegaran los padres

2. VI

1) (=wish, desire) querer

you're welcome to stay if you want — te puedes quedar si quieres

• I want for you to be happy — (US) quiero que seas feliz

2) (=lack)

• they will not want for money or food — no les faltará ni dinero ni comida

they want for nothing — no les falta de nada
waste 3., 1)
3. N

1) (=lack) falta f

it showed a want of good manners — demostró una falta de educación

• for want of sth — (at beginning of clause) a falta de algo; (at end of clause) por falta de algo

for want of anything better to do, I decided to go home — a falta de algo mejor que hacer, decidí irme a casa

I decided to go home for want of anything better to do — decidí irme a casa por falta de algo mejor que hacer

for want of a better word — a/por falta de una palabra más apropiada

he never did become a minister, but it was not for want of trying — nunca llegó a ministro, pero no fue por falta de intentarlo

2) (=need) necesidad f

• she had servants to attend to her every want — tenía sirvientes que atendían todas y cada una de sus necesidades

• my wants are few — necesito poco

• to be in want of sth — necesitar algo

3) (=poverty) necesidad f, penuria f

• to be in want — estar necesitado

to live in want — pasar necesidades, vivir en la penuria

4.

CPD

want ad * N — (US) anuncio m clasificado

- want in

- want out

* * *

I
1. [wɔːnt, wɒnt]
transitive verb

1)

a) (require, desire) querer*

(it's) just what I('ve) always wanted! — (set phrase) (es) justo lo que quería!

the boss wants you — el jefe te quiere ver or quiere hablar contigo

he's wanted on the phone — hay una llamada para él, lo llaman por teléfono

I know when I'm not wanted! — sé muy bien cuando estoy de más

she wants it ready today — quiere que esté listo hoy

does he want the book back? — ¿quiere que le devuelvan (or le devolvamos etc) el libro?

everything you could want from a car — todo lo que se le puede pedir a un coche

to want to + INF — querer* + inf

she can be charming when she wants to (be) — es un encanto cuando quiere or cuando se lo propone

to want somebody/something to + INF — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

what do you want me to do? — ¿qué quieres que haga?

to want somebody/something -ING — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

he doesn't want them snooping around — no quiere que anden husmeando por allí

b) \<\<police\>\> buscar*

wanted — se busca

he is wanted for murder/for questioning — lo buscan por asesinato/para interrogarlo

c) ( as price for something) pedir*

how much does she want for the picture? — ¿cuánto pide por el cuadro?

d) \<\<person\>\> ( sexually) desear

2) ( need) necesitar

that child wants a good thrashing — a ese niño le hace falta una buena paliza

gardener wanted — se necesita or se precisa jardinero

we all like to feel wanted — a todos nos gusta sentir que nos necesitan

the last thing I want is a cold — maldita la falta que me hace resfriarme ahora

you want to see a doctor — tienes que ver a un médico

the house wants cleaning — hay que limpiar la casa

2.

vi ( lack) (frml) (usu with neg)

you/they will want for nothing — no te/les faltará nada

II

noun

1) c u (requirement, need) necesidad f

to be in want of something — tener* necesidad de algo

2) u (lack, absence) falta f, carencia f (frml)

for want of something — a falta de algo

if she doesn't become champion, it won't be for want of trying — si no llega a ser campeona, no será porque no lo haya intentado

3) u (destitution, penury) miseria f, indigencia f

English-spanish dictionary > want
11 such

1. adjective
1) (of the same kind as that already mentioned or being mentioned: Animals that gnaw, such as mice, rats, rabbits and weasels are called rodents; He came from Bradford or some such place; She asked to see Mr Johnson but was told there was no such person there; I've seen several such buildings; I've never done such a thing before; doctors, dentists and such people.) tal(es), así, semejante, de este tipo

2) (of the great degree already mentioned or being mentioned: If you had telephoned her, she wouldn't have got into such a state of anxiety; She never used to get such bad headaches (as she does now).) tal; así de (malos, i2etc/i2)

3) (of the great degree, or the kind, to have a particular result: He shut the window with such force that the glass broke; She's such a good teacher that the headmaster asked her not to leave; Their problems are such as to make it impossible for them to live together any more.) tal; tan/tanto

4) (used for emphasis: This is such a shock! They have been such good friends to me!) tal, tan

2. pronoun
(such a person or thing, or such persons or things: I have only a few photographs, but can show you such as I have; This isn't a good book as such (= as a book) but it has interesting pictures.) lo que; como tal

- suchlike
- such-and-such
- such as it is

such adj pron

1. tal / semejante

they shouldn't allow such people in no deberían dejar entrar a semejantes personas

how could you do such a thing? ¿cómo podrías hacer una cosa así?

there is no such thing as fairies! ¡las hadas no existen!

2. tan / tanto

it was such a good film! ¡era una película tan buena!

it wasn't such a hard exam no fue un examen tan difícil

there were such a lot of people! ¡había tanta gente!

such as como / por ejemplo

I like sports such as tennis and squash me gustan los deportes como el tenis y el squash

such

tr[sʌʧ]

adjective

1 (of that sort) tal, semejante

■ there's no such thing no existe tal cosa

■ in such cases en tales casos

2 (so much, so great) tal, tanto,-a

■ he's always in such a hurry siempre anda con tanta prisa

■ there were such a lot of people había tanta gente

adverb

1 (so very) tan

■ it was such a boring film that... era una película tan aburrida que...

■ she's such a clever woman es una mujer tan inteligente

pronoun

1 (of that specified sort) tal

■ he acts like a child and I treat him as such se comporta como un niño y lo trato como tal

■ the disaster was such that... el desastre fue tal que...

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

as such (strictly speaking) propiamente dicho 2 (that way) como tal

at such and such a time a tal hora

in such a way that... de tal manera que...

such as (like, for example) como

such as? ¿por ejemplo?

such is life! ¡así es la vida!

such ['sʌʧ] adv

1) so: tan

such tall buildings: edificios tan grandes

2) very: muy

he's not in such good shape: anda un poco mal

3)

such that : de tal manera que

such adj

: tal

there's no such thing: no existe tal cosa

in such cases: en tales casos

animals such as cows and sheep: animales como vacas y ovejas

such pron

1) : tal

such was the result: tal fue el resultado

he's a child, and acts as such: es un niño, y se porta como tal

2) : algo o alguien semejante

books, papers and such: libros, papeles y cosas por el estilo

such

adj.

• así adj.

• semejante adj.

• tal adj.

adj.indef.

• tal adj.indef.

pron.

• semejante pron.

• tal pron.

I sʌtʃ
adjective

1)

a) (emphasizing degree, extent) tal (+ noun); tan (+ adj)

I woke up with such a headache — me levanté con tal dolor de cabeza...

such a charming girl! — qué chica más or tan encantadora!

she gave me such a look! — me miró de una manera...!

I've got such a lot of work to do — tengo tanto (trabajo) que hacer

I've never heard such nonsense — nunca he oído semejante or tamaña estupidez

b) (with clauses of result or purpose)

such... (that) — tal/tan... que

I was in such pain (that) I couldn't sleep — tenía tanto or tal dolor que no pude dormir

c) (in comparisons)

such... as — tan... como

such a patient teacher as you — un maestro tan paciente como tú

2)

a) (of this, that kind) tal

such children are known as... — a dichos or a tales niños se los conoce como...

such a journey would take weeks — un viaje así or como ése llevaría semanas

there's no such thing as the perfect crime — el crimen perfecto no existe

I said no such thing! — yo no dije tal cosa!

you'll do no such thing! — de ninguna manera!

b) ( unspecified) tal

the letter tells you to go to such a house on such a date — la carta te dice que vayas a tal casa en tal fecha

until such time as we are notified — (frml) hasta (el momento en) que se nos notifique

II

pronoun

1)

a) ( of the indicated kind) tal

such were her last words — tales fueron sus últimas palabras

such is life — (set phrase) así es la vida (fr hecha)

snakes, lizards and such — serpientes, lagartijas y cosas por el estilo

b)

such as — como

many modern inventions, such as radar... — muchos inventos modernos, (tales) como el radar...

I've read many of his books - such as? — he leído muchos de sus libros - ¿(como) por ejemplo?

c)

as such — como tal/tales

he was a great leader and will be remembered as such — fue un gran líder y será recordado como tal

2)

a)

such as, such... as — (frml)

such (people) as were dissatisfied — quienes estaban descontentos

b) (indicating lack of quantity, quality)

the evidence, such as it is, seems to... — las pocas pruebas que hay parecen...

3) (of such a kind, extent, degree)

such that — tal... que

the pain was such that I screamed — fue tal el dolor or fue tan grande el dolor, que grité

[sʌtʃ]
1.

ADJ (=of that kind) tal; (=so much) tanto

such a book — tal libro

such books — tales libros

books such as these — semejantes libros

did you ever see such a thing? — ¿has visto alguna vez cosa semejante?, ¿se vio jamás tal cosa?

I was in such a hurry — tenía tanta prisa

it caused such trouble that... — dio lugar a tantos disgustos que...

such an honour! — ¡tanto honor!

it made such a stir as had not been known before — tuvo una repercusión como no se había conocido hasta entonces

in such cases — en tales casos, en semejantes casos

we had such a case last year — tuvimos un caso parecido el año pasado

such is not the case — frm la cosa no es así

on just such a day in June — justo en un día parecido de junio

such a plan is most unwise — un proyecto así es poco aconsejable, un proyecto de ese tipo no es aconsejable

• writers such as Updike, such writers as Updike — autores como Updike

such a man as Ganivet — un hombre tal como Ganivet

such a man as you — un hombre como tú

such money as I have — el dinero que tengo

such stories as I know — las historias que conozco

this is my car such as it is — aunque valga poco, es mi coche

he read the documents such as they were — leyó los documentos que había

such as? — ¿por ejemplo?

• such is life — así es la vida

• there's no such thing — no existe tal cosa

there's no such thing as a unicorn — el unicornio no existe

• the Gautier case was such a one — el caso Gautier era de ese tipo

• some such idea — algo por el estilo

2.

ADV tan

such good food — comida tan buena

such a clever girl — una muchacha tan inteligente

it's such a long time now — hace tanto tiempo

3.

PRON los que, las que

we took such as we wanted — tomamos los que queríamos

I will send you such as I receive — te mandaré los que reciba

• may all such perish! — ¡mueran cuantos hay como él!

• rabbits and hares and such — conejos y liebres y tal

• as such, and as such he was promoted — y así fue ascendido

there are no trees as such — no hay árboles propiamente dichos, no hay árboles que digamos

• we know of none such — no tenemos noticias de ninguno así

* * *

I [sʌtʃ]
adjective

1)

a) (emphasizing degree, extent) tal (+ noun); tan (+ adj)

I woke up with such a headache — me levanté con tal dolor de cabeza...

such a charming girl! — qué chica más or tan encantadora!

she gave me such a look! — me miró de una manera...!

I've got such a lot of work to do — tengo tanto (trabajo) que hacer

I've never heard such nonsense — nunca he oído semejante or tamaña estupidez

b) (with clauses of result or purpose)

such... (that) — tal/tan... que

I was in such pain (that) I couldn't sleep — tenía tanto or tal dolor que no pude dormir

c) (in comparisons)

such... as — tan... como

such a patient teacher as you — un maestro tan paciente como tú

2)

a) (of this, that kind) tal

such children are known as... — a dichos or a tales niños se los conoce como...

such a journey would take weeks — un viaje así or como ése llevaría semanas

there's no such thing as the perfect crime — el crimen perfecto no existe

I said no such thing! — yo no dije tal cosa!

you'll do no such thing! — de ninguna manera!

b) ( unspecified) tal

the letter tells you to go to such a house on such a date — la carta te dice que vayas a tal casa en tal fecha

until such time as we are notified — (frml) hasta (el momento en) que se nos notifique

II

pronoun

1)

a) ( of the indicated kind) tal

such were her last words — tales fueron sus últimas palabras

such is life — (set phrase) así es la vida (fr hecha)

snakes, lizards and such — serpientes, lagartijas y cosas por el estilo

b)

such as — como

many modern inventions, such as radar... — muchos inventos modernos, (tales) como el radar...

I've read many of his books - such as? — he leído muchos de sus libros - ¿(como) por ejemplo?

c)

as such — como tal/tales

he was a great leader and will be remembered as such — fue un gran líder y será recordado como tal

2)

a)

such as, such... as — (frml)

such (people) as were dissatisfied — quienes estaban descontentos

b) (indicating lack of quantity, quality)

the evidence, such as it is, seems to... — las pocas pruebas que hay parecen...

3) (of such a kind, extent, degree)

such that — tal... que

the pain was such that I screamed — fue tal el dolor or fue tan grande el dolor, que grité

English-spanish dictionary > such
12 soul

noun

1) Seele, die

sell one's soul for something — (fig.) seine Seele für etwas verkaufen

bare one's soul to somebody — jemandem sein Herz ausschütten

2) (person) Seele, die

not a soul — keine Menschenseele

the poor little soul — das arme kleine Ding

* * *
[səul]
noun

1) (the spirit; the non-physical part of a person, which is often thought to continue in existence after he or she dies: People often discuss whether animals and plants have souls.) die Seele

2) (a person: She's a wonderful old soul.) die Seele

3) ((of an enterprise etc) the organizer or leader: He is the soul of the whole movement.) die Seele

4) (soul music.) der Soul

•

- academic.ru/68960/soulful">soulful
- soulfully
- soulless
- soul-destroying
- soul music
* * *

soul

[səʊl, AM soʊl]

I. n

1. (spirit) Seele f

her \soul is now at peace ihre Seele ruht nun in Frieden

to pray for sb's \soul für jds Seele beten

to sell one's \soul [to sb] seine Seele [an jdn] verkaufen

2. no pl ( approv: profound feeling) Seele f, Gefühl nt

her paintings lack \soul ihre Bilder wirken [kalt und] seelenlos

3. (person) Seele f fig

a town of five thousand \souls eine Stadt mit fünftausend Seelen

not a \soul keine Menschenseele

4. (essence)

to be the \soul of discretion/honesty die Verschwiegenheit/die Ehrlichkeit in Person sein

5. no pl MUS Soul m

6. AM (black culture) Anerkennung der afroamerikanischen Kultur

to have got \soul sich als Afroamerikaner der afroamerikanischen Kultur bewusst sein

7.

▶ to throw oneself body and \soul into sth sich akk etw dat mit Leib und Seele widmen

▶ upon my \soul! ( dated) meiner Treu! veraltet

II. adj attr, inv AM (relating to black Americans) sich auf die afroamerikanische Kultur beziehend

\soul cooking [or food] die traditionelle afroamerikanische Küche

* * *
[səʊl]
n

1) Seele f

upon my soul! (dated) (God) bless my soul! — meiner Treu (dated), na so was!

All Souls' Day — Allerheiligen nt

God rest his soul! — Gott hab ihn selig!

See:

→ body

2) (= inner being) Innerste(s), Wesen nt

he may not be a brilliant intellect, but he has a beautiful soul — er ist vielleicht kein großer Geist, aber er hat innere Werte

he loved her with all his soul — er liebte sie von ganzem Herzen

he loved her with all his heart and with all his soul — er liebte sie mit jeder Faser seines Herzens

the priest urged them to search their souls —

a little humility is good for the soul — ein bisschen Bescheidenheit tut der Seele gut

the soul of the city has been destroyed by modernization — durch die Modernisierung ist die Stadt in ihrem innersten Wesen zerstört worden

to have a soul above sth — über etw (acc) hoch erhaben sein

the music lacks soul — der Musik fehlt echter Ausdruck

poetry is the soul of civilization — die Dichtkunst ist die Seele der Zivilisation

3) (= finer feelings) Herz nt, Gefühl nt

complete lack of soul — vollkommene Gefühllosigkeit

a musician of considerable technical skill, but lacking soul — ein Musiker von beachtlichem technischem Können, aber ohne echtes Gefühl

you've got to have soul ( US sl ) — du musst Feeling haben (inf)

soul brother — Bruder m

soul sister — Schwester f

he's a soul brother — er ist einer von uns

4) (= person) Seele f

3,000 souls — 3.000 Seelen (geh)

poor soul! (inf) —

how is she, the wee soul? — wie gehts denn unsrer Kleinen?

he's a good soul — er ist ein guter Mensch

she's a kind or kindly soul — sie ist eine gute Seele

she's a simple soul — sie hat ein schlichtes Gemüt

not a soul — keine Menschenseele

there wasn't a living soul about —

the ship was lost with all souls — das Schiff ging mit (der ganzen Besatzung und) allen Passagieren unter

5)

he's the soul of generosity/discretion — er ist die Großzügigkeit/Diskretion in Person

6) (MUS) Soul m

* * *

soul [səʊl] s

1. REL, PHIL Seele f:

’pon my soul! ganz bestimmt!

2. Seele f, Herz n, Gemüt n, (das) Innere:

he has a soul above mere moneygrubbing er hat auch noch Sinn für andere Dinge als Geldraffen;

in my soul of souls ganz tief in meinem Herzen;

bare one’s soul to sb jemandem sein Herz ausschütten

3. fig Seele f (Triebfeder, Mittelpunkt):

he was the soul of the enterprise

4. fig Geist m (Person):

the greatest souls of the past

5. Seele f (Mensch):

the ship went down with 100 souls;

a good soul eine gute Seele, eine Seele von einem Menschen;

an honest soul eine ehrliche Haut umg;

poor soul armer Kerl;

not a soul keine Menschenseele

6. Inbegriff m, Muster n:

he is the soul of discretion (generosity) er ist die Verschwiegenheit (Großzügigkeit) selbst oder in Person

7. Kraft f, Inbrunst f, auch (künstlerischer) Ausdruck:

he has no soul er hat keine Energie;

his pictures lack soul seinen Bildern fehlt Leben

8. Soul Christian Science: Seele f (Gott)

9. MUS Soul m (Jazz- und Beatmusik mit starker Betonung des Expressiven):

soul music

10. besonderes Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl der Schwarzen in den USA:

soul brother, soul sister (unter Schwarzen gebrauchter Ausdruck für) Schwarze(r) m/f(m);

soul food traditionelle Speisen der Schwarzen

* * *

noun

1) Seele, die

sell one's soul for something — (fig.) seine Seele für etwas verkaufen

bare one's soul to somebody — jemandem sein Herz ausschütten

2) (person) Seele, die

not a soul — keine Menschenseele

the poor little soul — das arme kleine Ding

* * *

n.

Geist -er m.

Seele -n f.

English-german dictionary > soul
13 irrationality

ir·ra·tion·al·ity

[ɪˌræʃ^ənˈæləti, AM -ət̬i]

n no pl

1. (absence of reason) Vernunftlosigkeit f

2. (lack of reason) Irrationalität f; (lack of good sense) Vernunftwidrigkeit f, Unvernünftigkeit f; of fear, belief Unsinnigkeit f

3. (lack of logic) of arguments, reasons Irrationalität f, Absurdität f

* * *
[I"rʃə'nlItɪ]
n
(= illogicality MATH, PSYCH) Irrationalität f; (of fear, belief) Unsinnigkeit f, Irrationalität f; (= lack of good sense) Unvernünftigkeit f
* * *

irrationality [-ˈnælətı] s

1. Irrationalität f, Unvernunft f:

a) Vernunftlosigkeit f

b) Vernunftwidrigkeit f, Unlogik f

2. → academic.ru/39366/irrationalism">irrationalism 2

* * *

n.

Irrationalität f.

English-german dictionary > irrationality
14 purpose

noun

1) (object) Zweck, der; (intention) Absicht, die

what is the purpose of doing that? — was hat es für einen Zweck, das zu tun?

you must have had some purpose in mind — du musst irgendetwas damit bezweckt haben

answer or suit somebody's purpose — jemandes Zwecken dienen od. entsprechen

for a purpose — zu einem bestimmten Zweck

for the purpose of discussing something — um etwas zu besprechen

on purpose — mit Absicht; absichtlich

for purposes of — zum Zwecke (+ Gen.)

2) (effect)

to no purpose — ohne Erfolg

to some/good purpose — mit einigem/gutem Erfolg

3) (determination) Entschlossenheit, die

have a purpose in life — in seinem Leben einen Sinn sehen

4) (intention to act) Absicht, die

* * *
['pə:pəs]
noun

1) (the reason for doing something; the aim to which an action etc is directed: What is the purpose of your visit?) der Zweck

2) (the use or function of an object: The purpose of this lever is to stop the machine in an emergency.) der Zweck

3) (determination: a man of purpose.) die Entschlußkraft

•

- academic.ru/59172/purposeful">purposeful
- purposefully
- purposeless
- purposely
- purpose-built
- on purpose
- serve a purpose
- to no purpose
* * *

pur·pose

[ˈpɜ:pəs, AM ˈpɜ:r-]

I. n

1. (reason) Grund m

to do sth for financial/humanitarian \purposes etw aus finanziellen/humanitären Gründen tun

2. (goal) Absicht f, Ziel nt, Zielsetzung f, Zweck m, Sinn m

the \purpose of this organization is to help homeless people Zweck dieser Organisation ist es, Obdachlosen zu helfen

to give sb a \purpose in life [or their lives] jds Leben einen Sinn geben

to have a \purpose in life ein Lebensziel haben

to be [or talk] at cross \purposes sich akk [unabsichtlich] missverstehen, aneinander vorbeireden

to all intents and \purposes in jeder Hinsicht

for that [or this] very \purpose eigens zu diesem Zweck

I came to Brighton for the express \purpose of seeing you ich bin einzig und allein nach Brighton gekommen, um Sie zu sehen

on \purpose absichtlich, vorsätzlich pej, mit Absicht [o Bedacht] [o pej Vorsatz]

to the \purpose zweckdienlich

3. (resoluteness) Entschlossenheit f, Zielbewusstheit f

lack of \purpose mangelnde Entschlossenheit, Unentschlossenheit f

singleness of \purpose Zielstrebigkeit f

strength of \purpose Entschlusskraft f

you need more \purpose in your life, young woman! Sie müssen Ihr Leben mehr in die Hand nehmen, junge Frau!

4. (intention) Zweck m

to answer [or serve] a \purpose einem Zweck entsprechen [o dienen

5. (effect) Erfolg m, Nutzen m

for [all] practical \purposes im Endeffekt, praktisch [genommen]

to put [or turn] sth to good \purpose energy, money etw nutzbringend verwenden [o einsetzen]

to be to little \purpose von geringem Nutzen [o nicht sehr erfolgreich] sein

to be to no \purpose nutzlos [o erfolglos] sein

all her efforts turned out to be to no \purpose alle ihre Bemühungen waren letztlich erfolglos

it's to no \purpose to vacuum es bringt sowieso nichts staubzusaugen

II. vi ( form)

▪ to \purpose to do sth (intend) vorhaben [o beabsichtigen], etw zu tun; (resolve) beschließen [o geh den Entschluss fassen], etw zu tun

* * *
['pɜːpəs]
1. n

1) (= intention) Absicht f; (= result aimed at, set goal) Zweck m

on purpose — mit Absicht, absichtlich

what was your purpose in doing this? —

he did it for or with the purpose of improving his image — er tat es in der Absicht or mit dem Ziel, sein Image zu verbessern

he's a man with a purpose in life — er ist ein Mensch mit einem Lebensziel

a novel with a purpose — ein Roman, der einen Zweck erfüllen soll

to answer or serve sb's purpose(s) — jds Zweck( en) entsprechen or dienen

his activities seem to lack purpose — seine Aktivitäten scheinen nicht zweckgerichtet zu sein

for our purposes — für unsere Zwecke

for the purposes of this meeting — zum Zweck dieser Konferenz

for all practical purposes — in der Praxis

to the purpose — relevant

to some/good/little purpose — mit einigem/gutem/wenig Erfolg

to no purpose — ohne Erfolg

2) no pl (= resolution, determination) Entschlossenheit f

strength of purpose — Entschlusskraft f, Entschlossenheit

sense of purpose (of nation) — Ziel nt, Zielvorstellungen pl

to have a sense of purpose — zielbewusst sein

to have no sense of purpose — kein Zielbewusstsein or kein Ziel haben

2. vt (liter)
beabsichtigen
to purpose to do sth — etw zu tun gedenken

* * *

purpose [ˈpɜːpəs; US ˈpɜr-]

A v/t beabsichtigen, vorhaben ( beide:

sth etwas;

doing oder to do zu tun)

B s

1. Zweck m:

for this purpose zu diesem Zweck;

for what purpose? zu welchem Zweck?, wozu?

2. (angestrebtes) Ziel:

give some purpose to one’s life seinem Leben ein Ziel geben

3. Absicht f, Vorhaben n:

honesty of purpose Ehrlichkeit f der Absicht(en);

novel with a purpose, purpose novel Tendenzroman m

4. auch strength ( oder sense) of purpose Entschlusskraft f, Zielstrebigkeit f:

weak of purpose ohne Entschlusskraft

5. (wesentliche) Sache

6. Wirkung fBesondere Redewendungen: for all practical purposes praktisch (genommen oder gesehen);

for the purpose of

a) zwecks, um zu,

b) im Sinne des Gesetzes etc;

of set purpose absichtlich, besonders JUR vorsätzlich;

on purpose absichtlich, mit Absicht;

to the purpose

a) zur Sache (gehörig), sachlich,

b) zweckdienlich;

be to little purpose wenig Zweck haben;

to no purpose vergeblich, umsonst;

turn sth to good purpose etwas gut anwenden oder nutzen; → intent A 1, serve B 5

* * *

noun

1) (object) Zweck, der; (intention) Absicht, die

what is the purpose of doing that? — was hat es für einen Zweck, das zu tun?

you must have had some purpose in mind — du musst irgendetwas damit bezweckt haben

answer or suit somebody's purpose — jemandes Zwecken dienen od. entsprechen

for a purpose — zu einem bestimmten Zweck

for the purpose of discussing something — um etwas zu besprechen

on purpose — mit Absicht; absichtlich

for purposes of — zum Zwecke (+ Gen.)

2) (effect)

to no purpose — ohne Erfolg

to some/good purpose — mit einigem/gutem Erfolg

3) (determination) Entschlossenheit, die

have a purpose in life — in seinem Leben einen Sinn sehen

4) (intention to act) Absicht, die

* * *

n.

Absicht -en f.

Vorsatz -¨e m.

Zweck -e m.

English-german dictionary > purpose
15 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
16 _здоров'я; медицина

after dinner sit a while, after supper walk a mile always tell your doctor and your lawyer the truth an apple a day keeps the doctor away the best doctors are Dr. Diet, Dr. Quiet, and Dr. Merryman beware of the young doctor and the old barber change of scenery makes for health cheerfulness is the principal ingredient in health the cleverest doctor cannot save himself death defies the doctor or employs him to do its job diet cures more than doctor diseases are the tax of pleasures a doctor eases your pain; God cures it doctors' faults are covered with earth, and rich men's with money doctors make the worst patients early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise eat few suppers and you'll need few medicines feed a cold and starve a fever folks spend their health to acquire wealth and later spend their wealth in an effort to regain their health fond of lawsuits, little wealth; fond of doctors, little health God restores health, and the physician gets thanks good health and good sense are two of life's greatest blessings good health is above wealth a good surgeon must have an eagle's eye, a lion's heart and a lady's hand he is a fool that makes his doctor his heir he's the best physician that knows the vvorthlessness of most medicines he who sleeps late has short days health and money go far health is not valued till sickness comes health is the first muse health is worth more than learning if you lack health you lack everything it is part of the cure to wish to be cured let your midday sleep be short or none at all a man too busy to take care of his health is like a mechanic too busy to take care of his tools many individuals shorten their days by lengthening their nights one hour's sleep before midnight is worth two after physician, heal thyself a physician is a man who pours drugs of which he knows little into a body of which he knows less physicians kill more than they cure pursue in health that conduct which you promise in sickness the sickness of the body may prove the health of the mind six hour's sleep for a man, seven for a woman, and eight for a fool a sound mind in a sound body suppers kill more than the greatest doctors can cure temperance is the best medicine without measure medicine will become poison you are what you eat you dig your grave with your own fork a young physician should have three graveyards

English-Ukrainian dictionary of proverbs > _здоров'я; медицина
17 time

1. noun
1) (the hour of the day: What time is it?; Can your child tell the time yet?) hora

2) (the passage of days, years, events etc: time and space; Time will tell.) tiempo

3) (a point at which, or period during which, something happens: at the time of his wedding; breakfast-time.) momento; hora

4) (the quantity of minutes, hours, days etc, eg spent in, or available for, a particular activity etc: This won't take much time to do; I enjoyed the time I spent in Paris; At the end of the exam, the supervisor called `Your time is up!') tiempo

5) (a suitable moment or period: Now is the time to ask him.) momento

6) (one of a number occasions: He's been to France four times.) vez

7) (a period characterized by a particular quality in a person's life, experience etc: He went through an unhappy time when she died; We had some good times together.) época, período; momentos

8) (the speed at which a piece of music should be played; tempo: in slow time.) tempo

2. verb
1) (to measure the time taken by (a happening, event etc) or by (a person, in doing something): He timed the journey.) cronometrar

2) (to choose a particular time for: You timed your arrival beautifully!) escoger el momento de/para

•

- timeless
- timelessly
- timelessness
- timely
- timeliness
- timer
- times
- timing
- time bomb
- time-consuming
- time limit
- time off
- time out
- timetable
- all in good time
- all the time
- at times
- be behind time
- for the time being
- from time to time
- in good time
- in time
- no time at all
- no time
- one
- two at a time
- on time
- save
- waste time
- take one's time
- time and time again
- time and again

time¹ n

1. tiempo

what do you do in your free time? ¿qué haces en tu tiempo libre?

I haven't got time no tengo tiempo

2. vez

how many times have you been to Italy? ¿cuántas veces has estado en Italia?

take the tablets three times a day toma las pastillas tres veces al día

3. hora

what time is it? ¿qué hora es?

all the time todo el tiempo / constantemente

at times a veces

for the time being por el momento / de momento

from time to time de vez en cuando

it's time... es hora de que...

it's time you went to bed es hora de que te vayas a la cama

just in time justo a tiempo

on time a la hora

to have a good time pasarlo bien

to take your time tomarte el tiempo necesario

to tell the time decir la hora

time² vb calcular el tiempo / cronometrar

we timed the journey calculamos cuánto tiempo duró el viaje

El gerundio de time se escribe timing

time

tr[taɪm]

noun

1 (period) tiempo

■ I haven't got time to finish this no tengo tiempo para acabar esto

■ time flies when you're enjoying yourself el tiempo vuela cuando uno se lo pasa bien

■ what a waste of time qué pérdida de tiempo

■ in an hour's time dentro de una hora

2 (short period) rato

■ we spoke for a time hablamos durante un rato

■ you've been a long time has tardado mucho

3 (of day) hora

■ it's time to go es (la) hora de marchar

■ what time is it? qué hora es?

■ this time next week, we'll be on the beach la semana que viene a esta hora, estaremos en la playa

■ by the time he gets here, it'll be time to go home cuando llegue él, será la hora de volver a casa

4 (age, period, season) época

■ it's warm for the time of year hace bastante calor para la época del año

■ in Victorian times en la época victoriana

■ these are hard times son tiempos difíciles

5 (occasion) vez nombre femenino

■ how many times have you been to London? ¿cuántas veces has estado en Londres?

■ the last time I saw her,... la última vez que la vi,...

■ we left at the same time salimos a la vez

6 (suitable moment) momento

■ this is not really the time to talk about that no es el momento de hablar de eso

7 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL compás nombre masculino

■ you're out of time has perdido el compás

8 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL la hora de cerrar

■ time now please! ¡hora de cerrar!

9 familiar (imprisonment) condena

■ he did time for robbery when he was young cumplió una condena por robo cuando era joven

transitive verb

1 (measure time) medir la duración de, calcular; (races, etc) cronometrar

■ he timed his journey to work calculó cuánto tarda en llegar al trabajo

2 (schedule) estar previsto,-a

■ the plane is timed to arrive at 12 o'clock el avión tiene su llegada prevista para las doce horas

■ the bomb was timed to explode during the parade la bomba estaba preparada para explotar durante el desfile

■ you timed that well - I've just made some tea has llegado en el momento justo - acabo de hacer té

plural noun times

1 veces nombre femenino plural

■ 4 times 5 is 20 4 por 5 son 20, 4 veces 5 son 20

■ it's three times more expensive than last year es tres veces más caro que el año pasado

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

(and) about time ya era hora

all the time todo el rato, todo el tiempo

at all times siempre

at any time en cualquier momento

at no time nunca

at one time en un tiempo

at the same time al mismo tiempo

at the time / at that time entonces

at times a veces

behind the times anticuado,-a

behind time tarde

for the time being de momento

from time to time de vez en cuando

in no time (at all) en seguida

in time (in the long run) con el tiempo 2 (not late) a tiempo

in time to the music al compás de la música

many a time a menudo

not to give somebody the time of day no darle a alguien ni la hora

on time puntual

one/two/three at a time de uno en uno/de dos en dos/de tres en tres

time after time una y otra vez

time's up se acabó el tiempo, ya es la hora

to beat time marcar el compás

to be ahead of one's time adelantarse a su época

to be badly/well timed (remark) ser inoportuno,-a/oportuno,-a

to give somebody a hard time ponérselo difícil a alguien, hacérselo pasar mal a alguien

to have a bad time pasarlas negras

to have a good time pasarlo bien

to have a lot of time for somebody caerle bien alguien a uno

to have no time for somebody/something no soportar a alguien/algo, no tener tiempo para alguien/algo

to keep time (to music) seguir el compás 2 (watch) ir bien, funcionar bien

to keep up with the times estar al día

to move with the times estar al día

to take one's time (not hurry) hacer algo con calma 2 (be slow) tardar mucho

time and motion study estudio de productividad

time bomb bomba de relojería

time limit límite nombre masculino de tiempo, plazo límite

time off tiempo libre

time out descanso

time warp salto en el tiempo

time zone huso horario

time ['taɪm] vt, timed ; timing

1) schedule: fijar la hora de, calcular el momento oportuno para

2) clock: cronometrar, medir el tiempo de (una competencia, etc.)

time n

1) : tiempo m

the passing of time: el paso del tiempo

she doesn't have time: no tiene tiempo

2) moment: tiempo m, momento m

this is not the time to bring it up: no es el momento de sacar el tema

3) : vez f

she called you three times: te llamó tres veces

three times greater: tres veces mayor

4) age: tiempo m, era f

in your grandparents' time: en el tiempo de tus abuelos

5) tempo: tiempo m, ritmo m (en música)

6) : hora f

what time is it?: ¿qué hora es?

at the usual time: a la hora acostumbrada

to keep time: ir a la hora

to lose time: atrasar

7) experience: rato m, experiencia f

we had a nice time together: pasamos juntos un rato agradable

to have a rough time: pasarlo mal

have a good time!: ¡que se diviertan!

8)

at times sometimes: a veces

9)

for the time being : por el momento, de momento

10)

from time to time occasionally: de vez en cuando

11)

in time punctually: a tiempo

12)

in time eventually: con el tiempo

13)

time after time : una y otra vez

time

adj.

• a plazos adj.

• de tiempo adj.

• del tiempo adj.

• horario, -a adj.

n.

• duración s.f.

• edad s.f.

• espera s.f.

• hora s.f.

• plazo s.m.

• tempo s.m.

• tiempo s.m.

• vez s.f.

• época s.f.

v.

• cronometrar v.

• regular v.

• tomar los tiempos (Deporte) v.

I taɪm
1) noun

Sense I

2) u (past, present, future) tiempo m

time and space — el tiempo y el espacio

as time goes by o passes — a medida que pasa el tiempo, con el paso or el correr del tiempo

at this point o moment in time — en este momento, en el momento presente

(only) time will tell — el tiempo (lo) dirá

how time flies! — qué rápido pasa el tiempo!

(from) time out of mind — desde tiempos inmemoriales

time and tide wait for no man — el tiempo pasa inexorablemente; (before n) < travel> en el tiempo

time machine — máquina f del tiempo

3) u (time available, necessary for something) tiempo m

we have all the time in the world — tenemos tiempo de sobra

could I have five minutes of your time? — ¿podría concederme cinco minutos?

there's no time to lose — no hay tiempo que perder

to make time for something — hacer(se)* or encontrar* tiempo para algo

to make time — ( hurry) (AmE colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL)

he does it to pass the time — lo hace para pasar el tiempo

I spend all my time reading/thinking — me paso todo el tiempo leyendo/pensando

it takes time to get used to the climate — lleva or toma tiempo acostumbrarse al clima

it's worth taking a little extra time over the job — vale la pena dedicarle un poco más de tiempo al trabajo

to take one's time: just take your time tómate todo el tiempo que necesites or quieras; you took your time! cómo has tardado!; to buy time ganar tiempo; to have a lot of/no time for somebody/something: I have no time for people like her no soporto a la gente como ella; I've got a lot of time for him me cae muy bien; to have time on one's hands: I had time on my hands me sobraba el tiempo; to play for time — tratar de ganar tiempo

4) (no pl) (period - of days, months, years) tiempo m; (- of hours) rato m

that was a long time ago — eso fue hace mucho (tiempo)

they lived in Paris for a time/for a long time — vivieron un tiempo/mucho tiempo or muchos años en París

long time no see! — (colloq) tanto tiempo (sin verte)!

some time later I saw them leave — al rato los vi salir

some time later they moved to Brussels — (un) tiempo después se mudaron a Bruselas, tras cierto tiempo se mudaron a Bruselas

for some considerable time o for quite some time now there have been rumors that... — hace ya bastante tiempo que se rumorea que...

in an hour's/three months'/ten years' time — dentro de una horaes meses/diez años

cooking time — tiempo m de cocción

your time's up — se te (or les etc) ha acabado el tiempo

for the time being — por el momento, de momento

to serve o (colloq) do time — cumplir una condena, estar* a la sombra (fam)

5) (in phrases)

against time — contra reloj

all the time — ( constantly) constantemente; ( the whole period) todo el tiempo

I knew it all the time — lo supe desde el principio

in time — ( early enough) a tiempo; ( eventually) con el tiempo

you arrived just in time — llegaste justo a tiempo

we got back in time to watch the film — volvimos a tiempo para ver la película

you'll get used to it in time — con el tiempo te acostumbrarás

in good time — con tiempo

all in good time — cada cosa a su tiempo, todo a su debido tiempo

in no time (at all) — rapidísimo, en un abrir y cerrar de ojos, en un santiamén

6) u ( airtime) (Rad, TV) espacio m

7) u c (for journey, race, task) tiempo m

what's your fastest time over 400m? — ¿cuál es tu mejor tiempo or marca en los 400 metros?

8) u ( with respect to work)

to take o (BrE also) have time off — tomarse tiempo libre

we get time and a half — nos pagan hora y media de sueldo por cada hora trabajada

9)

a) c (epoch, age) (often pl) época f, tiempo m

at one time — en una época or un tiempo, en otros tiempos

in times of crisis — en épocas or tiempos de crisis

in former times — antiguamente

in Tudor times — en la época de los Tudor, en tiempos de los Tudor

there was a time when o time was when... — hubo un tiempo cuando...

it's a sign of the times — es un indicio de los tiempos en que vivimos

in times to come — en el futuro, en tiempos venideros

to be ahead of one's time: he's ahead/he was ahead of his time se ha adelantado/se adelantó a su época; to be behind the times \<\<ideas\>\> ser* anticuado, estar* desfasado; \<\<person\>\> estar* atrasado de noticias (fam); to keep up with o abreast of the times — mantenerse* al día

b) u ( with respect to a person's life)

that was before your time — eso fue antes de que tú nacieras (or empezaras a trabajar aquí etc)

it won't happen in our time — no viviremos para verlo

I've seen some funny things in my time but... — he visto cosas raras en mi vida pero...

she was a great athlete in her time — fue una gran atleta en su época

Sense II

10)

a) u ( by clock) hora f

what's the time?, what time is it? — ¿qué hora es?

do you have the time? — ¿tienes hora?

the time is ten minutes to ten — son las diez menos diez minutos, son diez para las diez (AmL exc RPl)

to be able to tell the time o (AmE also) tell time — saber* (decir) la hora

British Summer Time — horario m de verano

Eastern Standard Time — ( in US) hora f de la costa atlántica

this clock keeps good time — este reloj está siempre en hora

not to give somebody the time of day — no darle* a algn ni la hora

to pass the time of day (with somebody): now she never even passes the time of day with me ahora ni siquiera me saluda; we passed the time of day charlamos un ratito; (before n) time switch temporizador m; time zone — huso m horario

b) c u ( of event) hora f

do you know the times of the trains? — ¿sabes el horario de los trenes?

time FOR something/to + INF: we have to arrange a time for the next meeting tenemos que fijar una fecha y hora para la próxima reunión; is it time to go yet? ¿ya es hora de irse?; it's time you left o you were leaving es hora de que te vayas; at breakfast time — a la hora del desayuno

11) c ( point in time)

at this time of (the) year — en esta época del año

at this time of night — a estas horas de la noche

at the present/this particular time — en este momento/este preciso momento

at no time was that my intention — en ningún momento fue ésa mi intención

it should be kept closed at all times — debe mantenerse siempre cerrado

at the best of times — en el mejor de los casos

this time next year — el año que viene para estas fechas

it'll be dark by the time we get there — (para) cuando lleguemos ya estará oscuro

by that o this time we were really worried — para entonces ya estábamos preocupadísimos

from that time on — a partir de entonces, desde entonces

it's high time somebody did something — ya es hora or ya va siendo hora de que alguien haga algo

she's resigned, and not before time — ha renunciado, y ya era hora

the time has come for us to make a decision — ha llegado el momento de que tomemos una decisión

there's a time and a place for everything — hay un momento y un lugar para todo

my/her time has come — me/le ha llegado el momento

to bide one's time — esperar el momento oportuno

to die before one's time — morir* tempranamente or prematuramente

12) c (instance, occasion) vez f

three times a day — tres veces por día

I've been there many a time o many times — he estado allí en numerosas ocasiones or muchas veces

nine times out of ten — en el noventa por ciento de los casos, la gran mayoría de las veces

third time lucky! — la tercera es la vencida!

let's leave it for another o some other time — dejémoslo para otro momento

you paid (the) last time — la última vez or la otra vez pagaste tú

for the last time: no! — por última vez no!

let's try one more time — probemos otra vez or una vez más

13) (in phrases)

about time: it's about time someone told him ya es hora or ya va siendo hora de que alguien se lo diga; I've finished - and about time too! he terminado - ya era hora!; ahead of time: the first stage was completed ahead of time la primera fase se terminó antes de tiempo; any time: come any time ven cuando quieras or en cualquier momento; call me any time between nine and eleven llámame a cualquier hora entre las nueve y las once; I'd rather work for Mary any time yo prefiero trabajar para Mary, toda la vida (y cien años más); they should be here any time (now) en cualquier momento llegan, deben de estar por llegar de un momento al otro; at a time: four at a time de cuatro en cuatro or (AmL tb) de a cuatro; one at a time! de a uno!, uno por uno! or uno por vez!; I can only do one thing at a time sólo puedo hacer una cosa a la or por vez; for months at a time durante meses enteros; at the same time ( simultaneously) al mismo tiempo; ( however) (as linker) al mismo tiempo, de todas formas; at times a veces; at this time (AmE) ahora, en este momento; every time: I make the same mistake every time! siempre cometo el mismo error!; gin or whisky? - give me whisky every time! ¿ginebra or whisky? - para mí whisky, toda la vida; every o each time (as conj) ( whenever) cada vez; from time to time de vez en cuando; on time ( on schedule): the buses hardly ever run on time los autobuses casi nunca pasan a su hora or puntualmente; she's never on time nunca llega temprano, siempre llega tarde; time after time o time and (time) again — una y otra vez

14) c ( experience)

to have a good/bad/hard time — pasarlo bien/mal/muy mal

have a good time! — que te diviertas (or que se diviertan etc)!, que lo pases (or pasen etc) bien!

don't give me a hard time — (esp AmE) no me mortifiques

thank you for a lovely time — gracias por todo, lo hemos pasado estupendamente

15) u ( Mus) compás m

in time to the music — al compás de la música

out of time — descompasado, fuera de compás

to beat/keep time — marcar*/seguir* el compás

to mark time — ( march on the spot) marcar* el paso; ( make no progress) hacer* tiempo; (before n)

time signature — llave f de tiempo

16) times pl ( Math)

it's four times bigger — es cuatro veces más grande; (before n)

times table — tabla f de multiplicar

II

transitive verb

a) ( Sport) cronometrar

I've timed how long it takes me — he calculado cuánto tiempo me lleva

b) ( choose time of)

the bomb was timed to go off at ten o'clock — la bomba estaba programada para explotar a las diez

the demonstration was timeed to coincide with his arrival — la hora de la manifestación estaba calculada para coincidir con su llegada

you timed your entrance perfectly — no podrías haber elegido un mejor momento para entrar

his comment was well timed — su comentario fue muy oportuno

his shot was badly timed — no calculó bien el momento en que debía chutar/disparar

[taɪm]
1. N

1) (gen) tiempo m

as time goes on or by — con el (paso del) tiempo, a medida que pasa/pasaba el tiempo

• race against time — carrera f contra (el) reloj

• for all time — para siempre

one of the best of all time — uno de los mejores de todos los tiempos

• Father Time — el Tiempo

• to find (the) time for sth — encontrar tiempo para algo

I can't find the time for reading — no encuentro tiempo para leer

• time flies — el tiempo vuela

how time flies! — ¡cómo pasa el tiempo!

• to gain time — ganar tiempo

• half the time he's drunk — la mayor parte del tiempo está borracho

• to have (the) time (to do sth) — tener tiempo (para hacer algo)

we have plenty of time — tenemos tiempo de sobra

• to make time — (US) * ganar tiempo, apresurarse

• to make up for lost time — recuperar el tiempo perdido

• it's only a matter or question of time before it falls — solo es cuestión de tiempo antes de que caiga

• I've no time for him — (too busy) no tengo tiempo para él; (contemptuous) no le aguanto

I've no time for sport — odio los deportes

there is no time to lose — no hay tiempo que perder

he lost no time in doing it — no tardó en hacerlo

• my time is my own — yo dispongo de mi tiempo

• time presses — el tiempo apremia

• time is on our side — el tiempo obra a nuestro favor

• time and space — el tiempo y el espacio

• to take time, it takes time — requiere tiempo, lleva su tiempo

it'll take time to get over the loss of her family — le llevará tiempo superar la pérdida de su familia

it took him all his time to find it — solo encontrarlo le ocupó bastante tiempo

to take one's time — hacer las cosas con calma

take your time! — tómate el tiempo que necesites, ¡no hay prisa!

you certainly took your time! — iro ¡no es precisamente que te mataras corriendo!

• (only) time will tell — el tiempo lo dirá

to have time on one's hands —

she has too much time on her hands — dispone de demasiado tiempo libre

once you retire you'll have time on your hands — cuando te hayas jubilado, tendrás todo el tiempo del mundo

- kill time

- pass the time of day with sb

- play for time

- be pressed for time

- time is money
spare, waste
2) (=period of time) tiempo m, período m; (relatively short) rato m

• have you been here all this time? — ¿has estado aquí todo este tiempo?

• for the time being — por ahora, de momento

• for a time — durante un rato; (longer) durante una temporada

• a long time — mucho tiempo

to take a long time to do sth — tardar mucho en hacer algo

a long time ago — hace mucho (tiempo), hace tiempo

he hasn't been seen for a long time — hace mucho tiempo que no se le ve

she'll be in a wheelchair for a long time to come — le queda mucho tiempo de estar en silla de ruedas por delante

• in no time at all — en un abrir y cerrar de ojos

• it will last our time — durará lo que nosotros

• a short time — poco tiempo, un rato

a short time ago — hace poco

a short time after — poco (tiempo) después, al poco tiempo

in a short time they were all gone — muy pronto habían desaparecido todos

• for some time past — de algún tiempo a esta parte

after some time she looked up at me/wrote to me — después de cierto tiempo levantó la vista hacia mí/me escribió, pasado algún tiempo levantó la vista hacia mí/me escribió

• in a week's time — dentro de una semana

in two weeks' time — en dos semanas, al cabo de dos semanas

- do time
serve
3) (at work)

• on Saturdays they pay time and a half — los sábados pagan lo normal más la mitad

• he did it in his own time — lo hizo en su tiempo libre or fuera de (las) horas de trabajo

• to be on short time, work short time — trabajar en jornadas reducidas
full-time, part-time, short-time
4) (=moment, point of time) momento m

I was watching TV at the time — en ese momento estaba viendo la televisión

from time to time — de vez en cuando

• about time too! — ¡ya era hora!

it's about time you had a haircut — ya es hora de que te cortes el pelo

• come (at) any time (you like) — ven cuando quieras

it might happen (at) any time — podría ocurrir de un momento a otro or en cualquier momento

any time now — de un momento a otro

• at times — a veces, a ratos

at all times — siempre, en todo momento

• to die before one's time — morir temprano

not before time! — ¡ya era hora!

• between times — en los intervalos

• by the time he arrived — para cuando él llegó

by the time we got there he'd left — cuando llegamos allí ya se había ido

by this time — ya, antes de esto

(by) this time next year — el año que viene por estas fechas

• to choose one's time carefully — elegir con cuidado el momento más propicio

• the time has come to leave — ha llegado el momento de irse

when the time comes — cuando llegue el momento

• at a convenient time — en un momento oportuno

• at any given time — en cualquier momento dado

• her time was drawing near — (to give birth) se acercaba el momento de dar a luz; (to die) estaba llegando al final de su vida

• it's high time you got a job — ya va siendo hora de que consigas un trabajo

• at my time of life — a mi edad, con los años que yo tengo

• at no time did I mention it — no lo mencioné en ningún momento

this is no time for jokes — este no es momento para bromas

• now is the time to go — ahora es el momento de irse

now is the time to plant roses — esta es la época para plantar las rosas

• at odd times — (=occasionally) de vez en cuando

he calls at some odd times — llama a las horas más intempestivas

• from that time on — a partir de entonces, desde entonces

• at one time — en cierto momento, en cierta época

• this is neither the time nor the place to discuss it — este no es ni el momento ni el lugar oportuno para hablar de eso

there's a time and a place for everything — todo tiene su momento y su lugar

• at the present time — actualmente, en la actualidad

• at the proper time — en el momento oportuno

• at the same time — (=simultaneously) al mismo tiempo, a la vez; (=even so) al mismo tiempo, por otro lado

• until such time as he agrees — hasta que consienta

• at that time — por entonces, en aquel entonces, en aquella época

• at this particular time — en este preciso momento

• at this time of the year — en esta época del año

it's a lovely time of year — es una estación encantadora
bide
5) (by clock) hora f

what's the time? — ¿qué hora es?

the time is 2.30 — son las dos y media

it's time to go — es hora de irse

"time gentlemen please!" — "¡se cierra!"

• to arrive ahead of time — llegar temprano

to be 30 minutes ahead of time — llevar 30 minutos de adelanto

• at any time of the day or night — en cualquier momento or a cualquier hora del día o de la noche

• to be 30 minutes behind time — llevar 30 minutos de retraso

• it's coffee time — es la hora del café

• at this time of day — a esta hora

• it's time for the news — es (la) hora de las noticias

it's time for lunch — es (la) hora de comer

• let me know in good time — avíseme con anticipación

make sure you get there in good time — asegúrate de que llegas allí con tiempo

he'll come in his own good time — vendrá cuando le parezca conveniente

all in good time — todo a su (debido) tiempo

to start in good time — partir a tiempo, partir pronto

• have you got the (right) time? — ¿tiene la hora (exacta)?

• Greenwich mean time — hora f de Greenwich

• we were just in time to see it — llegamos justo a tiempo para verlo

• a watch that keeps good time — un reloj muy exacto

• just look at the time! — ¡fíjate qué hora es ya!, ¡mira qué tarde es!

• what time do you make it?, what do you make the time? — ¿qué hora es or tiene?

we made good time on the journey — el viaje ha sido rápido

• to be on time — [person] ser puntual, llegar puntualmente; [train, plane] llegar puntual

• to tell the time — [clock] dar la hora; [child] saber decir la hora

- I wouldn't give him the time of day
see closing, opening
6) (=era, period) tiempo m, época f

in Elizabethan times — en tiempos isabelinos, en la época isabelina

in our own time(s) — en nuestra época

in my time(s) — en mis tiempos

what times they were!, what times we had! — ¡qué tiempos aquellos!

one of the greatest footballers of our time — uno de los mejores futbolistas de nuestros tiempos

• to be ahead of one's time — adelantarse a su época

• that was all before my time — todo eso fue antes de mis tiempos

• to be behind the times — [person] estar atrasado de noticias; [thing, idea] estar fuera de moda, haber quedado anticuado

• how times change! — ¡cómo cambian las cosas!

• in times to come — en tiempos venideros

• times were hard — fueron tiempos duros

times are hard — atravesamos un período bastante difícil

they fell on hard times — entraron en un periodo de vacas flacas

• to keep abreast of or up with the times — ir con los tiempos, mantenerse al día

• the times we live in — los tiempos en que vivimos

• in modern times — en tiempos modernos

• to move with the times — ir con los tiempos, mantenerse al día

• in olden times, in times past — en otro tiempo, antiguamente

• time was when... — hubo un tiempo en que...
sign
7) (=experience)

to have a bad or rough or thin time (of it) — pasarlo mal, pasarlas negras

• to have a good time — pasarlo bien, divertirse

all they want to do is have a good time — no quieren más que divertirse

to give sb a good time — hacer que algn lo pase bien

she's out for a good time — se propone divertirse

• we had a high old time * — lo hemos pasado en grande *

• we have a lovely time — lo pasamos la mar de bien *

• have a nice time! — ¡que lo pases/paséis etc bien!

- the big time

to make the big time — alcanzar el éxito, triunfar
big-time
8) (=occasion) vez f

three times — tres veces

I remember the time he came here — recuerdo la ocasión en que vino por aquí, me acuerdo de cuando vino por aquí

• time after time, time and again — repetidas veces, una y otra vez

• to carry three boxes at a time — llevar tres cajas a la vez

he ran upstairs three at a time — subió la escalera de tres en tres escalones

for weeks at a time — durante semanas enteras or seguidas

• each time, every time — cada vez

he won every time — ganó todas las veces

it's the best, every time! — ¡es el mejor, no hay duda!

give me beer every time! — ¡para mí, siempre cerveza!

• the first time I did it — la primera vez que lo hice

for the first time — por primera vez

• last time — la última vez

the last time I did it — la última vez que lo hice

for the last time — por última vez

• many times — muchas veces

many's the time... — no una vez, sino muchas...

• next time — la próxima vez, a la próxima (esp LAm)

• the second time round — (=second marriage) la segunda intentona de matrimonio

• several times — varias veces

• this time — esta vez

• at various times in the past — en determinados momentos del pasado

- nine times out of ten

- third time lucky!

9) (Mus) compás m

in 3/4 time — al compás de 3 por 4

• to beat time — marcar el compás

• in time to the music — al compás de la música

• to keep time — llevar el compás

• to get out of time — perder el compás
beat 2., 4), mark II, 2., 7)
10) (Math)

4 times 3 is 12 — 4 por 3 son 12

it's five times faster than or as fast as yours — es cinco veces más rápido que el tuyo

11) (Mech)

the ignition is out of time — el encendido está fuera de fase

2. VT

1) (=schedule) planear, calcular; (=choose time of) [+ remark, request] elegir el momento para

the race is timed for 8.30 — el comienzo de la carrera está previsto para las 8.30

you timed that perfectly — elegiste a la perfección el momento para hacerlo

the bomb was timed to explode five minutes later — la bomba estaba sincronizada para explotar cinco minutos más tarde

the strike was carefully timed to cause maximum disruption — se había escogido el momento de la huelga para ocasionar el mayor trastorno posible

the decision to sell was badly timed — se decidió vender en un mal momento
ill-timed, well-timed
2) (=reckon time of) [+ call, journey] calcular la duración de; (with stopwatch) cronometrar

to time o.s. — cronometrarse

I timed him doing the washing-up — le cronometré mientras lavaba los platos

3.

CPD

time and motion study N — estudio m de tiempos y movimientos

time bomb N — bomba f de relojería

time capsule N — cápsula f del tiempo

time card N — tarjeta f de registro horario

time check N — (Sport) control m de tiempos

can I have a time check, please? — ¿qué hora es ahora, por favor?

time clock N — reloj m registrador, reloj m de control de asistencia

time deposit N — (US) depósito m a plazo

time difference N — diferencia f horaria

time exposure N — (Phot) exposición f

time frame N — margen m de tiempo

to set a time frame for sth — poner fecha a algo

time fuse N — temporizador m, espoleta f graduada, espoleta f de tiempo

time lag N — (=delay) retraso m; (=lack of synchronization) desfase m

time limit N — plazo m, límite m de tiempo; (=closing date) fecha f tope

to set a time limit (for sth) — fijar un plazo (para algo)

time loan N — (US) préstamo m a plazo fijo

time lock N — cerradura f de tiempo

time machine N — máquina f de transporte a través del tiempo

time management N — gestión f del tiempo

time management consultant N — consultor(a) m / f de gestión del tiempo

time management course N — curso m de gestión del tiempo

time management skills NPL — técnicas fpl de gestión del tiempo

time management training N — formación f en gestión del tiempo

time off N — (=free time) tiempo m libre

to take time off from work — tomarse tiempo libre

you'll have to take some time off when your wife has her operation — tendrás que tomarte unos días de vacaciones cuando operen a tu mujer

time out N — (esp US) (Sport) (also fig) tiempo m muerto

to take time out (from sth/from doing sth) — descansar (de algo/de hacer algo)

time payment N — (US) pago m a plazos

time saver N —

it is a great time saver — ahorra mucho tiempo

time sheet N — = time card

time signal N — señal f horaria

time signature N — (Mus) compás m, signatura f de compás

time slice N — fracción f de tiempo

time slot N — franja f horaria

time span N — periodo m de tiempo

time switch N — interruptor m horario

time trial N — (Cycling) prueba f contra reloj, contrarreloj f

time warp N — salto m en el tiempo, túnel m del tiempo

time zone N — huso m horario

* * *

I [taɪm]
1) noun

Sense I

2) u (past, present, future) tiempo m

time and space — el tiempo y el espacio

as time goes by o passes — a medida que pasa el tiempo, con el paso or el correr del tiempo

at this point o moment in time — en este momento, en el momento presente

(only) time will tell — el tiempo (lo) dirá

how time flies! — qué rápido pasa el tiempo!

(from) time out of mind — desde tiempos inmemoriales

time and tide wait for no man — el tiempo pasa inexorablemente; (before n) < travel> en el tiempo

time machine — máquina f del tiempo

3) u (time available, necessary for something) tiempo m

we have all the time in the world — tenemos tiempo de sobra

could I have five minutes of your time? — ¿podría concederme cinco minutos?

there's no time to lose — no hay tiempo que perder

to make time for something — hacer(se)* or encontrar* tiempo para algo

to make time — ( hurry) (AmE colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL)

he does it to pass the time — lo hace para pasar el tiempo

I spend all my time reading/thinking — me paso todo el tiempo leyendo/pensando

it takes time to get used to the climate — lleva or toma tiempo acostumbrarse al clima

it's worth taking a little extra time over the job — vale la pena dedicarle un poco más de tiempo al trabajo

to take one's time: just take your time tómate todo el tiempo que necesites or quieras; you took your time! cómo has tardado!; to buy time ganar tiempo; to have a lot of/no time for somebody/something: I have no time for people like her no soporto a la gente como ella; I've got a lot of time for him me cae muy bien; to have time on one's hands: I had time on my hands me sobraba el tiempo; to play for time — tratar de ganar tiempo

4) (no pl) (period - of days, months, years) tiempo m; (- of hours) rato m

that was a long time ago — eso fue hace mucho (tiempo)

they lived in Paris for a time/for a long time — vivieron un tiempo/mucho tiempo or muchos años en París

long time no see! — (colloq) tanto tiempo (sin verte)!

some time later I saw them leave — al rato los vi salir

some time later they moved to Brussels — (un) tiempo después se mudaron a Bruselas, tras cierto tiempo se mudaron a Bruselas

for some considerable time o for quite some time now there have been rumors that... — hace ya bastante tiempo que se rumorea que...

in an hour's/three months'/ten years' time — dentro de una hora/tres meses/diez años

cooking time — tiempo m de cocción

your time's up — se te (or les etc) ha acabado el tiempo

for the time being — por el momento, de momento

to serve o (colloq) do time — cumplir una condena, estar* a la sombra (fam)

5) (in phrases)

against time — contra reloj

all the time — ( constantly) constantemente; ( the whole period) todo el tiempo

I knew it all the time — lo supe desde el principio

in time — ( early enough) a tiempo; ( eventually) con el tiempo

you arrived just in time — llegaste justo a tiempo

we got back in time to watch the film — volvimos a tiempo para ver la película

you'll get used to it in time — con el tiempo te acostumbrarás

in good time — con tiempo

all in good time — cada cosa a su tiempo, todo a su debido tiempo

in no time (at all) — rapidísimo, en un abrir y cerrar de ojos, en un santiamén

6) u ( airtime) (Rad, TV) espacio m

7) u c (for journey, race, task) tiempo m

what's your fastest time over 400m? — ¿cuál es tu mejor tiempo or marca en los 400 metros?

8) u ( with respect to work)

to take o (BrE also) have time off — tomarse tiempo libre

we get time and a half — nos pagan hora y media de sueldo por cada hora trabajada

9)

a) c (epoch, age) (often pl) época f, tiempo m

at one time — en una época or un tiempo, en otros tiempos

in times of crisis — en épocas or tiempos de crisis

in former times — antiguamente

in Tudor times — en la época de los Tudor, en tiempos de los Tudor

there was a time when o time was when... — hubo un tiempo cuando...

it's a sign of the times — es un indicio de los tiempos en que vivimos

in times to come — en el futuro, en tiempos venideros

to be ahead of one's time: he's ahead/he was ahead of his time se ha adelantado/se adelantó a su época; to be behind the times \<\<ideas\>\> ser* anticuado, estar* desfasado; \<\<person\>\> estar* atrasado de noticias (fam); to keep up with o abreast of the times — mantenerse* al día

b) u ( with respect to a person's life)

that was before your time — eso fue antes de que tú nacieras (or empezaras a trabajar aquí etc)

it won't happen in our time — no viviremos para verlo

I've seen some funny things in my time but... — he visto cosas raras en mi vida pero...

she was a great athlete in her time — fue una gran atleta en su época

Sense II

10)

a) u ( by clock) hora f

what's the time?, what time is it? — ¿qué hora es?

do you have the time? — ¿tienes hora?

the time is ten minutes to ten — son las diez menos diez minutos, son diez para las diez (AmL exc RPl)

to be able to tell the time o (AmE also) tell time — saber* (decir) la hora

British Summer Time — horario m de verano

Eastern Standard Time — ( in US) hora f de la costa atlántica

this clock keeps good time — este reloj está siempre en hora

not to give somebody the time of day — no darle* a algn ni la hora

to pass the time of day (with somebody): now she never even passes the time of day with me ahora ni siquiera me saluda; we passed the time of day charlamos un ratito; (before n) time switch temporizador m; time zone — huso m horario

b) c u ( of event) hora f

do you know the times of the trains? — ¿sabes el horario de los trenes?

time FOR something/to + INF: we have to arrange a time for the next meeting tenemos que fijar una fecha y hora para la próxima reunión; is it time to go yet? ¿ya es hora de irse?; it's time you left o you were leaving es hora de que te vayas; at breakfast time — a la hora del desayuno

11) c ( point in time)

at this time of (the) year — en esta época del año

at this time of night — a estas horas de la noche

at the present/this particular time — en este momento/este preciso momento

at no time was that my intention — en ningún momento fue ésa mi intención

it should be kept closed at all times — debe mantenerse siempre cerrado

at the best of times — en el mejor de los casos

this time next year — el año que viene para estas fechas

it'll be dark by the time we get there — (para) cuando lleguemos ya estará oscuro

by that o this time we were really worried — para entonces ya estábamos preocupadísimos

from that time on — a partir de entonces, desde entonces

it's high time somebody did something — ya es hora or ya va siendo hora de que alguien haga algo

she's resigned, and not before time — ha renunciado, y ya era hora

the time has come for us to make a decision — ha llegado el momento de que tomemos una decisión

there's a time and a place for everything — hay un momento y un lugar para todo

my/her time has come — me/le ha llegado el momento

to bide one's time — esperar el momento oportuno

to die before one's time — morir* tempranamente or prematuramente

12) c (instance, occasion) vez f

three times a day — tres veces por día

I've been there many a time o many times — he estado allí en numerosas ocasiones or muchas veces

nine times out of ten — en el noventa por ciento de los casos, la gran mayoría de las veces

third time lucky! — la tercera es la vencida!

let's leave it for another o some other time — dejémoslo para otro momento

you paid (the) last time — la última vez or la otra vez pagaste tú

for the last time: no! — por última vez no!

let's try one more time — probemos otra vez or una vez más

13) (in phrases)

about time: it's about time someone told him ya es hora or ya va siendo hora de que alguien se lo diga; I've finished - and about time too! he terminado - ya era hora!; ahead of time: the first stage was completed ahead of time la primera fase se terminó antes de tiempo; any time: come any time ven cuando quieras or en cualquier momento; call me any time between nine and eleven llámame a cualquier hora entre las nueve y las once; I'd rather work for Mary any time yo prefiero trabajar para Mary, toda la vida (y cien años más); they should be here any time (now) en cualquier momento llegan, deben de estar por llegar de un momento al otro; at a time: four at a time de cuatro en cuatro or (AmL tb) de a cuatro; one at a time! de a uno!, uno por uno! or uno por vez!; I can only do one thing at a time sólo puedo hacer una cosa a la or por vez; for months at a time durante meses enteros; at the same time ( simultaneously) al mismo tiempo; ( however) (as linker) al mismo tiempo, de todas formas; at times a veces; at this time (AmE) ahora, en este momento; every time: I make the same mistake every time! siempre cometo el mismo error!; gin or whisky? - give me whisky every time! ¿ginebra or whisky? - para mí whisky, toda la vida; every o each time (as conj) ( whenever) cada vez; from time to time de vez en cuando; on time ( on schedule): the buses hardly ever run on time los autobuses casi nunca pasan a su hora or puntualmente; she's never on time nunca llega temprano, siempre llega tarde; time after time o time and (time) again — una y otra vez

14) c ( experience)

to have a good/bad/hard time — pasarlo bien/mal/muy mal

have a good time! — que te diviertas (or que se diviertan etc)!, que lo pases (or pasen etc) bien!

don't give me a hard time — (esp AmE) no me mortifiques

thank you for a lovely time — gracias por todo, lo hemos pasado estupendamente

15) u ( Mus) compás m

in time to the music — al compás de la música

out of time — descompasado, fuera de compás

to beat/keep time — marcar*/seguir* el compás

to mark time — ( march on the spot) marcar* el paso; ( make no progress) hacer* tiempo; (before n)

time signature — llave f de tiempo

16) times pl ( Math)

it's four times bigger — es cuatro veces más grande; (before n)

times table — tabla f de multiplicar

II

transitive verb

a) ( Sport) cronometrar

I've timed how long it takes me — he calculado cuánto tiempo me lleva

b) ( choose time of)

the bomb was timed to go off at ten o'clock — la bomba estaba programada para explotar a las diez

the demonstration was timeed to coincide with his arrival — la hora de la manifestación estaba calculada para coincidir con su llegada

you timed your entrance perfectly — no podrías haber elegido un mejor momento para entrar

his comment was well timed — su comentario fue muy oportuno

his shot was badly timed — no calculó bien el momento en que debía chutar/disparar

English-spanish dictionary > time
18 finish

1. transitive verb
1) (bring to an end) beenden [Unterhaltung]; erledigen [Arbeit]; abschließen [Kurs, Ausbildung]

have finished something — etwas fertig haben; mit etwas fertig sein

have you finished the letter/book? — hast du den Brief/das Buch fertig?

finish writing/reading something — etwas zu Ende schreiben/lesen

have you quite finished? — sind Sie fertig?

2) (get through) aufessen [Mahlzeit]; auslesen [Buch, Zeitung]; austrinken [Flasche, Glas]

3) (kill) umbringen; (coll.): (overcome) schaffen (ugs.); (overcome completely) bezwingen [Feind]; (ruin) zugrunde richten

any more stress would finish him — noch mehr Stress würde ihn kaputtmachen (ugs.)

it almost finished me! — das hat mich fast geschafft! (ugs.)

4) (perfect) vervollkommnen; den letzten Schliff geben (+ Dat.)

finish a seam — einen Saum vernähen

5) (complete manufacture of by surface treatment) eine schöne Oberfläche geben (+ Dat.); glätten [Papier, Holz]; appretieren [Gewebe, Leder]

the finished article or product — das fertige Produkt
2. intransitive verb
1) (reach the end) aufhören; [Geschichte, Episode:] enden

when does the concert finish? — wann ist das Konzert aus?

2) (come to end of race) das Ziel erreichen

finish first — als erster durchs Ziel gehen; erster werden

finish badly/well — nicht durchhalten/einen guten Endspurt haben

3)

finish by doing something — zum Schluss etwas tun
3. noun
1) (termination, cause of ruin) Ende, das

it would be the finish of him as a politician — das würde das Ende seiner Karriere als Politiker bedeuten

2) (point at which race etc. ends) Ziel, das

arrive at the finish — das Ziel erreichen; durchs Ziel gehen

3) (what serves to give completeness) letzter Schliff

a finish to something — die Vervollkommnung od. Vollendung einer Sache

4) (mode of finishing) [technische] Ausführung; Finish, das

paintwork with a matt/gloss finish — Matt-/Hochglanzlack, der

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/87043/finish_off">finish off

- finish up

- finish with

* * *
['finiʃ] 1. verb
1) (to bring or come to an end: She's finished her work; The music finished.) (be)enden

2) (to use, eat, drink etc the last of: Have you finished your tea?) aufbrauchen, -essen,austrinken
2. noun
1) (the last touch (of paint, polish etc) that makes the work perfect: The wood has a beautiful finish.) die Vollendung

2) (the last part (of a race etc): It was a close finish.) der Endkampf

•

- finished
- finish off
- finish up
* * *

fin·ish

[ˈfɪnɪʃ]

I. n

1. (conclusion of race) Endspurt m, Finish nt; (point at which race ends) Ziel nt

close \finish Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen nt

to be in at the \finish in der Endrunde sein

2. (final stage) Ende nt

from start to \finish von Anfang bis Ende

3. STOCKEX Börsenschluss m

4. (result, outcome) Ergebnis nt

close \finish POL knappes Ergebnis

5. (surface) Oberflächenbeschaffenheit f

6. (workmanship) Verarbeitung f

7. (final treatment) letzter Schliff; (sealing, varnishing) Finish nt; of fabric Appretur f; of furniture Politur; of coatings letzte Schicht, Überzug m

8.

▶ a fight to the \finish (hard fought throughout) ein Kampf m bis aufs Messer fam; (decisive result) ein Kampf m bis zur Entscheidung

II. vi

1. (cease, conclude) enden, aufhören

I'm going to \finish with a new song ich werde mit einem neuen Lied schließen

2. (stop talking) zum Ende kommen

to \finish on an optimistic note mit einer optimistischen Anmerkung schließen

have you quite \finished? ( iron) bist du endlich fertig? fam

3. (to come to the end of sth) fertig werden

to \finish first/second als Erster/Zweiter fertig sein; SPORT Erster/Zweiter werden

4. (come to an end) enden, zu Ende gehen

5. (stop using)

▪ to \finish with sth etw nicht mehr brauchen; (end involvement in) mit etw dat fertig sein fam

I'm \finished with politics ich bin mit der Politik fertig fam

6. (conclude dealings with)

▪ to \finish with sb mit jdm fertig sein fam; (conclude love relationship) mit jdm Schluss machen

III. vt

1. (bring to end)

▪ to \finish sth etw beenden

to \finish a sentence einen Satz zu Ende sprechen

▪ to \finish doing sth mit etw dat fertig sein

have you \finished reading? hast du zu Ende gelesen?

to \finish reading a book ein Buch zu Ende lesen [o fertig lesen] [o auslesen]

they \finished the concert with their first hit sie ließen das Konzert mit ihrem ersten Hit ausklingen

2. (complete education)

to \finish college/school das College/die Schule abschließen

3. (bring to completion) etw fertigstellen; (give final treatment) etw dat den letzten Schliff geben

4. (stop)

▪ to \finish sth mit etw dat aufhören

I \finish work at 5 p.m. every day ich mache jeden Tag um 5 Uhr Feierabend

5. FOOD

▪ to \finish sth (eat) etw aufessen; (drink) etw austrinken

* * *
['fInɪʃ]
1. n

1) (= end) Schluss m, Ende nt; (of race) Finish nt; (= finishing line) Ziel nt

they never gave up, right to the finish — sie haben bis zum Schluss nicht aufgegeben

from start to finish — von Anfang bis Ende

he's got a good finish (Sport) — er hat einen starken Endspurt

to be in at the finish (fig) — beim Ende dabei sein

to fight to the finish (fig) — bis zum letzten Augenblick kämpfen

2) (= perfection of manners) Schliff m; (of things) Verarbeitung f, Ausfertigung f

they lack the finish of handmade ones — sie sind nicht so sorgfältig or sauber verarbeitet wie handgemachte

it has a poor finish — die Verarbeitung or Ausfertigung ist schlecht

3) (of industrial products) Finish nt; (= final coat of paint) Deckanstrich m; (of material) Appretur f; (of paper) Oberflächenfinish nt; (of pottery) Oberfläche f; (= ornamental work) Verzierung f

paper with a gloss/matt finish — Hochglanz-/Mattglanzpapier nt

paint with a gloss/matt finish — Farbe f mit Hochglanzeffekt/mattem Glanz

highly polished to give it a good finish — auf Hochglanz poliert

2. vt

1) beenden; education, course abschließen; piece of work, business erledigen, abschließen; (COMPUT: command) fertigstellen

he's finished the painting/job — er ist mit dem Bild/der Arbeit fertig

to have finished doing sth — damit fertig sein, etw zu tun

when I finish eating... —

I've finished ironing — ich bin mit dem Bügeln fertig

to finish writing/reading sth —

let me finish eating — lass mich zu Ende essen, lass mich fertig essen

to have finished sth — etw fertig haben; task, course mit etw fertig sein, etw beendet haben

when do you finish work? — wann machen Sie Feierabend or Schluss?

I'm in a hurry to get this job finished — ich möchte diese Sache so schnell wie möglich zu Ende bringen

she never lets him finish (what he's saying) —

Daddy, will you finish (telling) that story? — Papa, erzählst du die Geschichte zu Ende or fertig?

can I have that book when you've finished it? — kann ich das Buch haben, wenn du es ausgelesen hast?

give me time to finish my drink — lass mich austrinken

finish what you're doing and we'll go — mach fertig, was du angefangen hast, und dann gehen wir

the dollar finished the day up against the pound — bei Börsenschluss war der Dollar gegenüber dem Pfund gestiegen

2) (= ruin) ruinieren; (= kill, inf = exhaust) kaputtmachen (inf), den Rest geben (+dat) (inf)

another strike could finish the firm — noch ein Streik könnte das Ende für die Firma bedeuten

that last mile nearly finished me (inf) — diese letzte Meile hat mir beinahe den Rest gegeben (inf)

3) (= put finishing touches to) den letzten Schliff geben (+dat); piece of handiwork verarbeiten; (= give a surface treatment to) surface, industrial product fertig bearbeiten, ein Finish geben (+dat); (= paint) anstreichen; car etc lackieren

to finish sth with a coat of varnish — etw zum Schluss (mit Firnis) lackieren

the paintwork isn't very well finished — die Malerarbeiten wurden nicht sehr gut ausgeführt

the metal is finished with a high-speed disc —

the paper is finished on the glazing rollers — das Papier wird mit dem Kalander nachbearbeitet

3. vi

1) zu Ende or aus sein; (person with task etc) fertig sein; (= come to an end, finish work) aufhören; (piece of music, story etc) enden

when does the film finish? — wann ist der Film aus?

my course finishes this week — mein Kurs geht diese Woche zu Ende

we'll finish by singing a song — wir wollen mit einem Lied schließen, zum Schluss singen wir ein Lied

I've finished — ich bin fertig

2) (SPORT) das Ziel erreichen

to finish first/second — als erster/zweiter durchs Ziel gehen

* * *

finish [ˈfınıʃ]

A v/t

1. beenden, aufhören mit:

finish reading aufhören zu lesen;

let sb finish speaking jemanden ausreden lassen

2. auch finish off eine Arbeit etc vollenden, beendigen, fertig machen oder fertigstellen, zu Ende führen, erledigen:

finish a book ein Buch auslesen oder fertig lesen oder zu Ende lesen;

have you finished the book? hast du das Buch schon durch?

3. auch finish off ( oder up)

a) Vorräte verbrauchen, erschöpfen,

b) aufessen, austrinken

4. auch finish off

a) jemanden erledigen, fertigmachen (beide umg) (erschöpfen od ruinieren):

that finished him off auch das gab ihm den Rest

b) besonders einem Tier den Gnadenschuss oder -stoß geben

5. a) auch finish off, finish up vervollkommnen, den letzten Schliff geben (dat)

b) jemandem feine Lebensart beibringen

6. TECH nach-, fertig bearbeiten, Papier glätten, Zeug zurichten, appretieren, Möbel etc polieren

B v/i

1. auch finish off ( oder up) enden, schließen, aufhören ( alle:

with mit):

have you finished? bist du fertig?;

he finished by saying abschließend oder zum Abschluss sagte er ( that dass);

let sb finish jemanden ausreden lassen

2. enden:

he finished in prison er landete im Gefängnis

3. enden, zu Ende gehen

4. a) finish with mit jemandem, etwas Schluss machen, etwas aufgeben:

I am finished with him ich bin mit ihm fertig umg;

everything is finished between us zwischen uns ist alles oder es aus

b) have finished with jemanden, etwas nicht mehr brauchen:

have you finished with the dictionary? brauchst du das Wörterbuch noch?

c) I haven’t finished with you yet! ich bin noch nicht fertig mit dir!, wir sprechen uns noch einmal!

5. SPORT einlaufen, durchs Ziel gehen:

finish third

a) auch finish in third place Dritter werden, den dritten Platz belegen

b) allg als Dritter fertig sein

C s

1. Ende n, Schluss m

2. SPORT

a) Endspurt m, Finish n

b) Ziel n

c) Endkampf m, Entscheidung f:

be in at the finish in die Endrunde kommen, fig das Ende miterleben;

fight to the finish bis zur Entscheidung kämpfen

3. Vollendung f, Eleganz f, letzter Schliff, Finish n

4. gute Ausführung, feine Qualität

5. TECH

a) äußerliche Ausführung, Oberflächenbeschaffenheit f, -güte f, Bearbeitung(sgüte) f

b) (Deck)Anstrich m, (Lack- etc) Überzug m

c) Politur f

d) Appretur f (von Stoffen)

6. ARCH

a) Ausbau(en) m(n)

b) Verputz m

fin. abk

1. finance

2. financial

3. finish

* * *
1. transitive verb
1) (bring to an end) beenden [Unterhaltung]; erledigen [Arbeit]; abschließen [Kurs, Ausbildung]

have finished something — etwas fertig haben; mit etwas fertig sein

have you finished the letter/book? — hast du den Brief/das Buch fertig?

finish writing/reading something — etwas zu Ende schreiben/lesen

have you quite finished? — sind Sie fertig?

2) (get through) aufessen [Mahlzeit]; auslesen [Buch, Zeitung]; austrinken [Flasche, Glas]

3) (kill) umbringen; (coll.): (overcome) schaffen (ugs.); (overcome completely) bezwingen [Feind]; (ruin) zugrunde richten

any more stress would finish him — noch mehr Stress würde ihn kaputtmachen (ugs.)

it almost finished me! — das hat mich fast geschafft! (ugs.)

4) (perfect) vervollkommnen; den letzten Schliff geben (+ Dat.)

finish a seam — einen Saum vernähen

5) (complete manufacture of by surface treatment) eine schöne Oberfläche geben (+ Dat.); glätten [Papier, Holz]; appretieren [Gewebe, Leder]

the finished article or product — das fertige Produkt
2. intransitive verb
1) (reach the end) aufhören; [Geschichte, Episode:] enden

when does the concert finish? — wann ist das Konzert aus?

2) (come to end of race) das Ziel erreichen

finish first — als erster durchs Ziel gehen; erster werden

finish badly/well — nicht durchhalten/einen guten Endspurt haben

3)

finish by doing something — zum Schluss etwas tun
3. noun
1) (termination, cause of ruin) Ende, das

it would be the finish of him as a politician — das würde das Ende seiner Karriere als Politiker bedeuten

2) (point at which race etc. ends) Ziel, das

arrive at the finish — das Ziel erreichen; durchs Ziel gehen

3) (what serves to give completeness) letzter Schliff

a finish to something — die Vervollkommnung od. Vollendung einer Sache

4) (mode of finishing) [technische] Ausführung; Finish, das

paintwork with a matt/gloss finish — Matt-/Hochglanzlack, der

Phrasal Verbs:

- finish off

- finish up

- finish with

* * *

n.

Abschluss ¨-e m.

Ende -n n.

Lack -e m. (off) v.

beenden v.

erledigen v.

fertigstellen v.

vollenden v.

zu Ende führen ausdr. v.

absolvieren (Schule) v.

absolvieren v.

beenden v.

beendigen v.

erledigen v.

nacharbeiten v.

vollenden v.

English-german dictionary > finish
19 miss

Ⅰ.

miss¹ [mɪs]

manquer ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 2 (c) rater ⇒ 1 (a) faillir ⇒ 1 (c) manquer de ⇒ 1 (e) se passer de ⇒ 3 (b)

1 transitive verb

(a) (bus, film, target) manquer, rater; (opportunity, turn) manquer, laisser passer;

∎ a life of missed opportunities une vie d'occasions manquées;

∎ we missed the train by five minutes on a manqué le train de cinq minutes;

∎ he missed breakfast (was too late) il a manqué le petit déjeuner; (didn't go) il a sauté le petit déjeuner;

∎ this film is not to be missed c'est un film à ne pas manquer ou à ne manquer sous aucun prétexte;

∎ I missed the first five minutes of the programme j'ai raté les cinq premières minutes de l'émission;

∎ at that price, it's a bargain not to be missed à ce prix, c'est une affaire à ne pas manquer;

∎ you didn't miss much vous n'avez pas raté grand-chose;

∎ it's too good an opportunity to miss c'est une occasion trop belle pour qu'on la manque;

∎ familiar you don't know what you're missing tu ne sais pas ce que tu rates;

∎ figurative to miss the boat rater une occasion, manquer le coche;

∎ you're going to miss the boat if you delay your application vous allez manquer le coche si vous tardez à poser votre candidature;

∎ to miss one's cue Theatre manquer sa réplique; figurative rater l'occasion

(b) (fail to do, find, see, attend etc) manquer;

∎ to miss school manquer l'école;

∎ it's at the end of the street, you can't miss it c'est au bout de la rue, vous ne pouvez pas le manquer;

∎ to miss one's stop (of passenger) rater son arrêt;

∎ to miss a turning rater un tournant;

∎ I'm sorry, I missed you in the crowd désolé, je ne vous ai pas vu ou remarqué ou aperçu dans la foule;

∎ I missed seeing them in Australia (for lack of time) je n'ai pas eu le temps de les voir en Australie; (for lack of opportunity) je n'ai pas eu l'occasion ou la possibilité de les voir en Australie;

∎ I missed the beginning of your question je n'ai pas entendu le début de votre question;

∎ they've missed my name off the list ils ont oublié mon nom sur la liste;

∎ you miss a lot if you read this novel in translation on perd beaucoup à ne pas lire ce roman dans le texte;

∎ you've missed or you're missing the point! vous n'avez rien compris!;

∎ he missed the point of the exercise il n'a pas compris ou saisi le but de l'exercice;

∎ British she missed her footing or step elle a glissé ou trébuché;

∎ you don't miss much! rien ne t'échappe!;

∎ the boss doesn't miss a thing rien n'échappe au patron;

∎ he never misses a chance to put other people down il ne manque jamais une occasion de rabaisser les autres;

∎ British they never or don't miss a trick rien ne leur échappe

(c) (escape, manage to avoid)

∎ I narrowly or just missed being killed j'ai bien failli me faire tuer

(d) (regret the absence of)

∎ I miss her elle me manque;

∎ don't you miss your family? est-ce que ta famille ne te manque pas?;

∎ you'll be missed when you retire on vous regrettera ou vous nous manquerez quand vous serez à la retraite;

∎ I miss the warm weather/the sea la chaleur/la mer me manque;

∎ I miss being able to do what I like ça me manque de ne pas pouvoir faire ce que je veux;

∎ I missed my umbrella mon parapluie m'aurait été bien utile;

∎ you can't miss what you've never had ce que l'on n'a jamais eu ne nous manque pas

(e) (be short of, lack) manquer de;

∎ I'm missing two books from my collection il me manque deux livres dans ma collection, deux livres de ma collection ont disparu;

∎ the table's missing one of its legs il manque un pied à la table

(f) (notice disappearance of)

∎ when did you first miss your passport? quand est-ce que vous vous êtes aperçu pour la première fois de la perte de ou que vous aviez perdu votre passeport?;

∎ he disappeared for a week and no one ever missed him il a disparu pendant une semaine et personne ne s'en est aperçu;

∎ we're sure to be missed on va sûrement remarquer notre absence;

∎ he's got so many records he won't miss one il a tellement de disques qu'il ne s'apercevra pas qu'il lui en manque un

2 intransitive verb

(a) (fail to hit target) manquer ou rater son coup;

∎ missed! raté!

(b) (engine) avoir des ratés

(c) to be missing manquer;

∎ there's a piece missing il manque une pièce;

∎ there's one missing, one is missing il en manque un;

∎ two of the children are still missing il manque encore deux enfants, deux enfants manquent encore

3 noun

(a) (gen) & Sport coup m raté ou manqué;

∎ British proverb a miss is as good as a mile = rater de peu ou de beaucoup, c'est toujours rater

(b) (idiom) British

∎ to give sth a miss (do without) se passer de qch; (avoid) éviter qch;

∎ I gave work a miss yesterday je ne suis pas allé travailler hier;

∎ I gave lessons a miss last week je n'ai pas assisté aux cours la semaine dernière;

∎ I'll give the soup a miss je ne prendrai pas de soupe;

∎ why don't you give the TV a miss tonight? pourquoi ne pas te passer de (la) télé ce soir?

➲ miss out

1 separable transitive verb

(omit) omettre, sauter; (forget) oublier; (in distribution) oublier, sauter;

∎ they missed out my first name on a oublié mon prénom;

∎ you've missed out one important fact vous avez omis ou oublié un fait important

2 intransitive verb

∎ he missed out because he couldn't afford to go to college il a été désavantagé parce qu'il n'avait pas les moyens de poursuivre ses études

➲ miss out on inseparable transitive verb

(advantage, opportunity) manquer, rater;

∎ you're missing out on all the fun tu rates une occasion de bien t'amuser;

∎ he missed out on a proper education il n'a pas eu la possibilité de faire de vraies études;

∎ we missed out on the deal l'affaire nous est passée sous le nez ou nous a échappé;

∎ a lot of people are missing out on state benefits they are entitled to bien des gens ne profitent pas des allocations auxquelles ils ont droit

Ⅱ.

miss²

noun

(a) familiar (girl)

∎ (young) miss jeune demoiselle^□ f;

∎ everything for the modern miss tout ce qu'il faut pour la jeune fille moderne^□ ;

∎ impudent little miss! petite effrontée!

(b) (size) = taille de vêtements pour les pré-adolescentes

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > miss
20 hold

hold [həʊld]

tenir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (f), 1B (a), 1B (b), 1D (b), 1D (d), 2 (d) avoir ⇒ 1A (c) retenir ⇒ 1A (e), 1C (b) contenir ⇒ 1A (f) exercer ⇒ 1A (g) réserver ⇒ 1A (e), 1A (h) conserver ⇒ 1A (i) stocker ⇒ 1A (i) maintenir ⇒ 1B (a) détenir ⇒ 1A (i), 1C (a) croire ⇒ 1D (a) continuer ⇒ 1D (e) se tenir ⇒ 2 (a) tenir bon ⇒ 2 (b) durer ⇒ 2 (c) attendre ⇒ 2 (f) prise ⇒ 3D (a)-(c) en attente ⇒ 4D

(pt & pp held [held])

1 transitive verb

A.

(a) (clasp, grasp) tenir;

∎ to hold sth in one's hand (book, clothing, guitar) avoir qch à la main; (key, money) tenir qch dans la main;

∎ to hold sth with both hands tenir qch à deux mains;

∎ will you hold my coat a second? peux-tu prendre ou tenir mon manteau un instant?;

∎ to hold the door for sb tenir la porte à ou pour qn;

∎ also figurative to hold sb's hand tenir la main à qn;

∎ to hold hands se donner la main, se tenir (par) la main;

∎ hold my hand while we cross the street donne-moi la main pour traverser la rue;

∎ to hold sb in one's arms tenir qn dans ses bras;

∎ to hold sb close or tight serrer qn contre soi;

∎ hold it tight and don't let go tiens-le bien et ne le lâche pas;

∎ to hold one's nose se boucher le nez;

∎ to hold one's sides with laughter se tenir les côtes de rire

(b) (keep, sustain)

∎ to hold sb's attention/interest retenir l'attention de qn;

∎ the film doesn't hold the attention for long le film ne retient pas l'attention très longtemps;

∎ to hold an audience tenir un auditoire;

∎ to hold one's serve (in tennis) défendre son service;

∎ Politics to hold a seat (to be an MP) occuper un siège de député; (to be re-elected) être réélu;

∎ to hold one's own se défendre, bien se débrouiller;

∎ the Prime Minister held her own during the debate le Premier ministre a tenu bon ou ferme pendant le débat;

∎ she is well able to hold her own elle sait se défendre;

∎ he can hold his own in chess il se défend bien aux échecs;

∎ our products hold their own against the competition nos produits se tiennent bien par rapport à la concurrence;

∎ to hold the floor garder la parole;

∎ the senator held the floor for an hour le sénateur a gardé la parole pendant une heure

(c) (have, possess → degree, permit, ticket) avoir, posséder; (→ job, position) avoir, occuper;

∎ do you hold a clean driving licence? avez-vous déjà été sanctionné pour des infractions au code de la route?;

∎ she holds the post of treasurer elle occupe le poste de trésorière;

∎ to hold office (chairperson, deputy) être en fonction, remplir sa fonction; (minister) détenir ou avoir un portefeuille; (political party, president) être au pouvoir ou au gouvernement;

∎ Religion to hold a living jouir d'un bénéfice;

∎ Finance to hold stock or shares détenir ou avoir des actions;

∎ to hold 5 percent of the shares in a company détenir 5 pour cent du capital d'une société;

∎ also figurative to hold a record détenir un record;

∎ she holds the world record for the javelin elle détient le record mondial du javelot

(d) (keep control or authority over) Military

∎ the guerrillas held the bridge for several hours les guérilleros ont tenu le pont plusieurs heures durant;

∎ Military to hold the enemy contenir l'ennemi;

∎ figurative to hold centre stage occuper le centre de la scène;

∎ hold it!, hold everything! (stop and wait) attendez!; (stay still) arrêtez!, ne bougez plus!;

∎ familiar figurative hold your horses! pas si vite!

(e) (reserve, set aside) retenir, réserver;

∎ we'll hold the book for you until next week nous vous réserverons le livre ou nous vous mettrons le livre de côté jusqu'à la semaine prochaine;

∎ will the restaurant hold the table for us? est-ce que le restaurant va nous garder la table?

(f) (contain) contenir, tenir;

∎ this bottle holds 2 litres cette bouteille contient 2 litres;

∎ will this suitcase hold all our clothes? est-ce que cette valise sera assez grande pour tous nos vêtements?;

∎ the car is too small to hold us all la voiture est trop petite pour qu'on y tienne tous;

∎ the hall holds a maximum of 250 people la salle peut accueillir ou recevoir 250 personnes au maximum, il y a de la place pour 250 personnes au maximum dans cette salle;

∎ to hold one's drink bien supporter l'alcool;

∎ the letter holds the key to the murder la lettre contient la clé du meurtre

(g) (have, exercise) exercer;

∎ the subject holds a huge fascination for some people le sujet exerce une énorme fascination sur certaines personnes;

∎ sport held no interest for them pour eux, le sport ne présentait aucun intérêt

(h) (have in store) réserver;

∎ who knows what the future may hold? qui sait ce que nous réserve l'avenir?

(i) (conserve, store) conserver, détenir; Computing stocker;

∎ we can't hold this data forever nous ne pouvons pas conserver ou stocker ces données éternellement;

∎ how much data will this disk hold? quelle quantité de données cette disquette peut-elle stocker?;

∎ the commands are held in the memory/in a temporary buffer les instructions sont gardées en mémoire/sont enregistrées dans une mémoire intermédiaire;

∎ my lawyer holds a copy of my will mon avocat détient ou conserve un exemplaire de mon testament;

∎ this photo holds fond memories for me cette photo me rappelle de bons souvenirs

(j) Cars

∎ the new car holds the road well la nouvelle voiture tient bien la route

B.

(a) (maintain in position) tenir, maintenir;

∎ she held her arms by her sides elle avait les bras le long du corps;

∎ her hair was held in place with hairpins des épingles (à cheveux) retenaient ou maintenaient ses cheveux;

∎ what's holding the picture in place? qu'est-ce qui tient ou maintient le tableau en place?;

∎ hold the picture a bit higher tenez le tableau un peu plus haut

(b) (carry) tenir;

∎ to hold oneself upright or erect se tenir droit;

∎ also figurative to hold one's head high garder la tête haute

C.

(a) (confine, detain) détenir;

∎ the police are holding him for questioning la police l'a gardé à vue pour l'interroger;

∎ they're holding him for murder ils l'ont arrêté pour meurtre;

∎ she was held without trial for six weeks elle est restée en prison six semaines sans avoir été jugée

(b) (keep back, retain) retenir;

∎ Law to hold sth in trust for sb tenir qch par fidéicommis pour qn;

∎ the post office will hold my mail for me while I'm away la poste gardera mon courrier pendant mon absence;

∎ figurative once she starts talking politics there's no holding her! dès qu'elle commence à parler politique, rien ne peut l'arrêter!;

∎ American one burger, hold the mustard! (in restaurant) un hamburger, sans moutarde!

(c) (delay)

∎ don't hold dinner for me ne m'attendez pas pour dîner;

∎ they held the plane another thirty minutes ils ont retenu l'avion au sol pendant encore trente minutes;

∎ hold all decisions on the project until I get back attendez mon retour pour prendre des décisions concernant le projet;

∎ hold the front page! ne lancez pas la une tout de suite!;

∎ hold the lift! ne laissez pas les portes de l'ascenseur se refermer, j'arrive!

(d) (keep in check)

∎ we have held costs to a minimum nous avons limité nos frais au minimum;

∎ inflation has been held at the same level for several months le taux d'inflation est maintenu au même niveau depuis plusieurs mois;

∎ they held their opponents to a goalless draw ils ont réussi à imposer le match nul

D.

(a) (assert, claim) maintenir, soutenir; (believe) croire, considérer;

∎ formal I hold that teachers should be better paid je considère ou j'estime que les enseignants devraient être mieux payés;

∎ the Constitution holds that all men are free la Constitution stipule que tous les hommes sont libres;

∎ he holds strong beliefs on the subject of abortion il a de solides convictions en ce qui concerne l'avortement;

∎ she holds strong views on the subject elle a une opinion bien arrêtée sur le sujet;

∎ her statement is held to be true sa déclaration passe pour vraie

(b) (consider, regard) tenir, considérer;

∎ to hold sb responsible for sth tenir qn pour responsable de qch;

∎ I'll hold you responsible if anything goes wrong je vous tiendrai pour responsable ou je vous considérerai responsable s'il y a le moindre incident;

∎ the president is to be held accountable for his actions le président doit répondre de ses actes;

∎ to hold sb in contempt mépriser ou avoir du mépris pour qn;

∎ to hold sb in high esteem avoir beaucoup d'estime pour qn, tenir qn en haute estime

(c) Law (judge) juger;

∎ the appeal court held the evidence to be insufficient la cour d'appel a considéré que les preuves étaient insuffisantes

(d) (carry on, engage in → conversation, meeting) tenir; (→ party) donner; (organize) organiser;

∎ to hold an election/elections procéder à une élection/à des élections;

∎ the book fair is held in Frankfurt la foire du livre se tient ou a lieu à Francfort;

∎ the classes are held in the evening les cours ont lieu le soir;

∎ interviews will be held in early May les entretiens auront lieu au début du mois de mai ou début mai;

∎ to hold talks être en pourparlers;

∎ the city is holding a service for Armistice Day la ville organise un office pour commémorer le 11 novembre;

∎ mass is held at eleven o'clock la messe est célébrée à onze heures

(e) (continue without deviation) continuer;

∎ Nautical to hold course tenir la route;

∎ we held our southerly course nous avons maintenu le cap au sud, nous avons continué notre route vers le sud;

∎ Music to hold a note tenir une note

(f) Telecommunications

∎ will you hold (the line)? voulez-vous patienter?;

∎ hold the line! ne quittez pas!;

∎ the line's busy just now - I'll hold le poste est occupé pour le moment - je patiente ou je reste en ligne;

∎ hold all my calls ne me passez aucun appel

2 intransitive verb

(a) (cling → person) se tenir, s'accrocher;

∎ she held tight to the railing elle s'est cramponnée ou accrochée à la rampe;

∎ hold fast!, hold tight! accrochez-vous bien!;

∎ figurative their resolve held fast or firm in the face of fierce opposition ils ont tenu bon face à une opposition acharnée

(b) (remain in place → nail, fastening) tenir bon;

∎ the rope won't hold for long la corde ne tiendra pas longtemps

(c) (last → luck) durer; (→ weather) durer, se maintenir;

∎ prices held at the same level as last year les prix se sont maintenus au même niveau que l'année dernière;

∎ the pound held firm against the dollar la livre s'est maintenue par rapport au dollar;

∎ we might buy him a guitar if his interest in music holds nous lui achèterons peut-être une guitare s'il continue à s'intéresser à la musique

(d) (remain valid → invitation, offer) tenir; (→ argument, theory) valoir, être valable;

∎ to hold good (invitation, offer) tenir; (promises) tenir, valoir; (argument, theory) rester valable;

∎ the principle still holds good le principe tient ou vaut toujours;

∎ that theory only holds if you consider... cette théorie n'est valable que si vous prenez en compte...;

∎ the same holds for Spain il en est de même pour l'Espagne

(e) (stay, remain) familiar

∎ hold still! ne bougez pas!^□

(f) (on telephone) attendre;

∎ the line's British engaged or American busy, will you hold? la ligne est occupée, voulez-vous patienter?

3 noun

(a) (grasp, grip) prise f; (in wrestling) prise f; Boxing tenu m;

∎ to catch or to grab or to seize or to take hold of sth se saisir de ou saisir qch;

∎ she caught hold of the rope elle a saisi la corde;

∎ grab (a) hold of that towel tiens! prends cette serviette;

∎ there was nothing for me to grab hold of il n'y avait rien à quoi m'accrocher ou me cramponner;

∎ get a good or take a firm hold on or of the railing tenez-vous bien à la balustrade;

∎ I still had hold of his hand je le tenais toujours par la main;

∎ to get hold of sth (find) se procurer ou trouver qch;

∎ it's difficult to get hold of this book ce livre est difficile à trouver;

∎ we got hold of the book you wanted nous avons trouvé le livre que tu voulais;

∎ where did you get hold of that idea? où est-ce que tu es allé chercher cette idée?;

∎ to get hold of sb trouver qn;

∎ I've been trying to get hold of you all week! je t'ai cherché toute la semaine!;

∎ just wait till the newspapers get hold of the story attendez un peu que les journaux s'emparent de la nouvelle;

∎ she kept hold of the rope elle n'a pas lâché la corde;

∎ you'd better keep hold of the tickets tu ferais bien de garder les billets;

∎ get a hold on yourself ressaisis-toi, ne te laisse pas aller;

∎ to take hold (fire) prendre; (idea) se répandre;

∎ Sport & figurative no holds barred tous les coups sont permis

(b) (controlling force or influence) prise f, influence f;

∎ the Church still exerts a strong hold on the country l'Église a toujours une forte mainmise sur le pays;

∎ to have a hold over sb avoir de l'influence sur qn;

∎ I have no hold over him je n'ai aucune prise ou influence sur lui;

∎ the Mafia obviously has some kind of hold over him de toute évidence, la Mafia le tient d'une manière ou d'une autre

(c) (in climbing) prise f

(d) (delay, pause) pause f, arrêt m;

∎ the company has put a hold on all new orders l'entreprise a suspendu ou gelé toutes les nouvelles commandes

(e) American (order to reserve) réservation f;

∎ the association put a hold on all the hotel rooms l'association a réservé toutes les chambres de l'hôtel

(f) (prison) prison f; (cell) cellule f; (fortress) place f forte

(g) (store → in plane) soute f; (→ in ship) cale f

(h) Music point m d'orgue

4 on hold adverb

(gen) & Telecommunications en attente;

∎ to put sb on hold mettre qn en attente;

∎ we've put the project on hold nous avons mis le projet en attente;

∎ the operator kept me on hold for ten minutes le standardiste m'a mis en attente pendant dix minutes

➲ hold against separable transitive verb

∎ to hold sth against sb en vouloir à qn de qch;

∎ his collaboration with the enemy will be held against him sa collaboration avec l'ennemi lui sera préjudiciable;

∎ he lied to her and she still holds it against him il lui a menti et elle lui en veut toujours;

∎ I hope you won't hold it against me if I decide not to accept j'espère que tu ne m'en voudras pas si je décide de ne pas accepter

➲ hold back

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (control, restrain → animal, person) retenir, tenir; (→ crowd, enemy forces) contenir; (→ anger, laughter, tears) retenir, réprimer; (→ inflation) contenir;

∎ the government has succeeded in holding back inflation le gouvernement a réussi à contenir l'inflation

(b) (keep → money, supplies) retenir; figurative (→ information, truth) cacher, taire;

∎ she's holding something back from me elle me cache quelque chose

(c) American School

∎ they held her back a year ils lui ont fait redoubler une classe, ils l'ont fait redoubler

(d) (prevent progress of) empêcher de progresser;

∎ his difficulties with maths are holding him back ses difficultés en maths l'empêchent de progresser;

∎ lack of investment is holding industry back l'absence d'investissements freine l'industrie

2 intransitive verb

(stay back) rester en arrière; figurative (restrain oneself) se retenir;

∎ he has held back from making a commitment il s'est abstenu de s'engager;

∎ the president held back before sending in the army le président a hésité avant d'envoyer les troupes;

∎ don't hold back, tell me everything vas-y, dis-moi tout

➲ hold down separable transitive verb

(a) (keep in place → paper, carpet) maintenir en place; (→ person) forcer à rester par terre, maintenir au sol;

∎ it took four men to hold him down il a fallu quatre hommes pour le maîtriser ou pour le maintenir au sol

(b) (keep to limit) restreindre, limiter;

∎ they're holding unemployment down to 4 percent ils maintiennent le taux de chômage à 4 pour cent;

∎ to hold prices down empêcher les prix de monter, empêcher la montée des prix

(c) (of employee)

∎ to hold down a job (occupy) avoir un emploi; (keep) garder un emploi;

∎ he's never managed to hold down a job il n'a jamais pu garder un emploi bien longtemps;

∎ although she's a student, she holds down a full-time job bien qu'elle étudie, elle occupe un poste à plein temps

(d) Computing (key, mouse button) maintenir enfoncé

➲ hold forth intransitive verb

pérorer, disserter;

∎ he held forth on the evils of drink il a fait un long discours sur les conséquences néfastes de l'alcool

➲ hold in separable transitive verb

(a) (stomach) rentrer

(b) (emotion) retenir; (anger) contenir

➲ hold off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (keep at distance) tenir à distance ou éloigné;

∎ the troops held off the enemy les troupes ont tenu l'ennemi à distance;

∎ they managed to hold off the attack ils ont réussi à repousser l'attaque;

∎ I can't hold the reporters off any longer je ne peux plus faire attendre ou patienter les journalistes

(b) (delay, put off) remettre à plus tard;

∎ he held off going to see the doctor until May il a attendu le mois de mai pour aller voir le médecin;

∎ I held off making a decision j'ai remis la décision à plus tard

2 intransitive verb

(a) (rain)

∎ at least the rain held off au moins il n'a pas plu

(b) (abstain) s'abstenir;

∎ hold off from smoking for a few weeks abstenez-vous de fumer ou ne fumez pas pendant quelques semaines

➲ hold on

1 intransitive verb

(a) (grasp, grip) tenir bien, s'accrocher;

∎ to hold on to sth bien tenir qch, s'accrocher à qch, se cramponner à qch;

∎ hold on! accrochez-vous!;

∎ hold on to your hat! tenez votre chapeau (sur la tête)!

(b) (keep possession of) garder;

∎ hold on to this contract for me (keep it) garde-moi ce contrat;

∎ all politicians try to hold on to power tous les hommes politiques essaient de rester au pouvoir;

∎ hold on to your dreams/ideals accrochez-vous à vos rêves/idéaux

(c) (continue, persevere) tenir, tenir le coup;

∎ how long can you hold on? combien de temps pouvez-vous tenir (le coup)?;

∎ I can't hold on much longer je ne peux pas tenir (le coup) beaucoup plus longtemps

(d) (wait) attendre; (stop) arrêter;

∎ hold on just one minute! (stop) arrêtez!; (wait) attendez!, pas si vite!;

∎ hold on, how do I know I can trust you? attends un peu! qu'est-ce qui me prouve que je peux te faire confiance?;

∎ Telecommunications hold on please! ne quittez pas!;

∎ I had to hold on for several minutes j'ai dû patienter plusieurs minutes

2 separable transitive verb

(maintain in place) tenir ou maintenir en place;

∎ her hat is held on with pins son chapeau est maintenu (en place) par des épingles

➲ hold out

1 intransitive verb

(a) (last → supplies, stocks) durer;

∎ will the car hold out till we get home? la voiture tiendra-t-elle (le coup) jusqu'à ce qu'on rentre?

(b) (refuse to yield) tenir bon, tenir le coup;

∎ the garrison held out for weeks la garnison a tenu bon pendant des semaines;

∎ the management held out against any suggested changes la direction a refusé tous les changements proposés

2 separable transitive verb

(extend) tendre;

∎ she held out the book to him elle lui a tendu le livre;

∎ also figurative to hold out one's hand to sb tendre la main à qn;

∎ I held out my hand j'ai tendu la main;

∎ his mother held her arms out to him sa mère lui a ouvert ou tendu les bras

3 inseparable transitive verb

(offer) offrir;

∎ I can't hold out any promise of improvement je ne peux promettre aucune amélioration;

∎ the doctors hold out little hope for him les médecins ont peu d'espoir pour lui;

∎ science holds out some hope for cancer patients la science offre un espoir pour les malades du cancer

➲ hold out for inseparable transitive verb

exiger;

∎ the workers held out for a shorter working week les ouvriers réclamaient une semaine de travail plus courte;

∎ we're holding out for a higher offer nous attendons qu'on nous en offre un meilleur prix

➲ hold out on inseparable transitive verb

familiar

∎ you're holding out on me! tu me caches quelque chose!^□

➲ hold over separable transitive verb

(a) (position) tenir au-dessus de;

∎ she held the glass over the sink elle tenait le verre au-dessus de l'évier;

∎ figurative they hold the threat of redundancy over their workers ils maintiennent la menace de licenciement sur leurs ouvriers

(b) (postpone) remettre, reporter;

∎ we'll hold these items over until the next meeting on va remettre ces questions à la prochaine réunion;

∎ payment was held over for six months le paiement a été différé pendant six mois

(c) (retain) retenir, garder;

∎ they're holding the show over for another month ils vont laisser le spectacle à l'affiche encore un mois

(d) Music tenir

➲ hold to

1 inseparable transitive verb

(promise, tradition) s'en tenir à, rester fidèle à; (decision) maintenir, s'en tenir à;

∎ you must hold to your principles vous devez rester fidèle à vos principes

2 separable transitive verb

∎ we held him to his promise nous lui avons fait tenir parole;

∎ if I win, I'll buy you lunch - I'll hold you to that! si je gagne, je t'invite à déjeuner - je te prends au mot!

➲ hold together separable transitive verb

(book, car) maintenir; (two objects) maintenir ensemble; (community, family) maintenir l'union de;

∎ the two pieces of wood are held together by nails les deux morceaux de bois sont cloués ensemble;

∎ we need a leader who can hold the workers together il nous faut un chef qui puisse rallier les ouvriers

➲ hold up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (lift, raise) lever, élever;

∎ I held up my hand j'ai levé la main;

∎ hold the picture up to the light tenez la photo à contre-jour;

∎ to hold up one's head redresser la tête;

∎ figurative she felt she would never be able to hold her head up again elle pensait qu'elle ne pourrait plus jamais marcher la tête haute

(b) (support) soutenir;

∎ my trousers were held up with safety pins mon pantalon était maintenu par des épingles de sûreté

(c) (present as example)

∎ they were held up as an example of efficient local government on les présentaient comme un exemple de gouvernement local compétent;

∎ to hold sb up to ridicule tourner qn en ridicule

(d) (delay) retarder; (stop) arrêter;

∎ the traffic held us up la circulation nous a mis en retard;

∎ the accident held up traffic for an hour l'accident a bloqué la circulation pendant une heure;

∎ our departure was held up by bad weather notre départ a été retardé par le mauvais temps;

∎ I was held up j'ai été retenu;

∎ the project was held up for lack of funds (before it started) le projet a été mis en attente faute de financement; (after it started) le projet a été interrompu faute de financement;

∎ the goods were held up at customs les marchandises ont été immobilisées à la douane

(e) (rob) faire une attaque à main armée;

∎ to hold up a bank faire un hold-up dans une banque

2 intransitive verb

(clothing, equipment) tenir; (supplies) tenir, durer; (weather) se maintenir;

∎ the car held up well during the trip la voiture a bien tenu le coup pendant le voyage;

∎ she's holding up well under the pressure elle supporte bien la pression;

∎ my finances are holding up well je tiens le coup financièrement

➲ hold with inseparable transitive verb

British (agree with) être d'accord avec; (approve of) approuver;

∎ I don't hold with her ideas on socialism je ne suis pas d'accord avec ou je ne partage pas ses idées concernant le socialisme;

∎ his mother doesn't hold with private schools sa mère est contre ou désapprouve les écoles privées

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > hold

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См. также в других словарях:

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good faith — n [translation of Latin bona fides]: honesty, fairness, and lawfulness of purpose: absence of any intent to defraud, act maliciously, or take unfair advantage filed the suit in good faith negotiating in good faith see also good faith exception … Law dictionary
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lack of good taste — index impropriety Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
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lack — lack1 [ læk ] noun singular or uncount *** a situation in which you do not have any or do not have enough of something you need: lack of: The game was canceled due to lack of interest. Most of his problems stem from a lack of confidence. for lack … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
lack — I UK [læk] / US noun [singular/uncountable] *** a situation in which you do not have any, or enough, of something that you need or want lack of: The match was cancelled because of lack of support. Most of his problems stem from a lack of… … English dictionary

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good lack!

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good lack!

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